Peter Probst

Professor

Michelle Moore Apotsos

Associate Professor

Brinker Ferguson

PhD Candidate

This lecture introduces both the notion and the dynamics of heritage as a global movement. Starting with Rem Koolhaas’ provocative statement “preservation is overtaking us”, the lecture aims to show why heritage has become an important topic for architects and architectural historians. For this the lecture focuses on three different forces: urbanization, tourism and identity. 

Lecture 1. Handout

Lecture 1. Notes

Lecture 1. Quiz

Lecture 1		Forces: Preservation as a Global Movement

                                                         
Dubai Skyline 2013

Exhibition poster showing the modernity of preservation as part of a series of innovations 

OMA’s ‘maison à 
B
ordeaux
’ (1998) earned preservation status merely three years after it’s completion
Rem Koolhaas – Jean Francois Lemoîne House, Country Residence outside the 
Vill
a
 Fl
oi
rac
,
W
hich
 
was
 already under the protection of France’s Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques
. 
The
 
house
 
is
 
designed 
for a man paralyzed in a car accident so the there is platform that acts as elevator

THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF HERITAGE SAFEGUARDING

Federal
State
Local
properties
  properties
mon
ey
mon
ey
National Register of 
Historic Places
www.nps.gov/nr/
State Register 
of Historic Places
THE PUBLIC ORGANIZATION OF HERITAGE IN THE U.S.

Entrance to 
a 
Simple 
Courtyard House 
(
siheyuan
) in Downtown Beijing 

Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater House
D
esigned 
in 1935, designated a National
Historic Landmark in 1966

C
hicago 
Downtown Aerial View , January 2005

Guangzhou
,
 
China, City Skyline, 2011
Part of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone with 40 million people

Guangzhou Circle, Guangzhou, 2013                          CCTV Headquarters, Beijing, 2009 
Galaxy Soho, Beijing 2013,                                           Opera House, Guangzhou, 2010

Migrant laborers work at a demolished residential site in downtown Shanghai, on September 5, 2012

Beijing, old quarters, 
hutong
, with simple courtyard houses (
siheyuan
) 

1
2
3
4
Between 2001 and 2010:
Demolition of an old and construction of modern hutong in Beijing

Modern Hotel in Beijing in a Siheyuan Courthouse Style

Nathanial Dance, 
On Grand Tour: James Grant of Grant, John Mytton, the Hon. Thomas Robinson, and Thomas Wynne
, 
c
a. 
1760

Tourists taking selfies in front of the Parthenon temple on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece

Society
Practice
Feeling
       
HERITAGE SAFEGUARDING
Past
Present
Object 
Past
Present

Restoration
Conservation 
Preservation
HERITAGE  PRACTICES
Culture
Nature

Form
Space  
People 
  ARCHITECTURE 
Culture
Nature

Lecture 1		Forces: Preservation as a Global Movement
Lecture 2 		Origins:  Heritage and Nationalism in 19
th
 
c
.
 
Europe
Lecture 3		Expansions: The Need for Heritage outside Europe 
Lecture 4 		Elevations: From Heritage to World Heritage
Lecture 5 		Frictions:  Preservation between Citizens and Experts
Lecture 6		Materialities: Experience, Memory and Authenticity
Lecture 7 		The Intangible: Beyond the Built Heritage 
Lecture 8		Values: Competing Perspectives
Lecture 9 		Justice: Preservation, Recognition and Trauma  
Lecture 10 	Properties: Disputes over Ownership 
Lecture 11 	Copies: Cultural Takes on Originality  
Lecture 12 	Futures: Vision, Virtuality and Digital Heritage 
 

Lecture 1. Forces: Preservation as a Global Movement

The aim of this lecture is to explore the emergence of preservation and conservation as public policy activities in Europe. Following the argument that preservation is a modern undertaking, it shows how preservation practices emerged from both the political and the industrial revolution. The lecture is divided in five parts. The first part introduces the topic by questioning the universality of preservation. The second part discusses the interest in documenting antiquity in early modern Europe. The third part focuses on Viollet le Duc and on the role of historic documentation and restoration in 19th France. The fourth part looks into the critique of restoration by John Ruskin and John Morris in England, and the founding of the society for the Protection of Ancient buildings in England. The fifth part looks at Alois Riegl’s theory of preservation at the beginning of 20th century in Austria. 

Lecture 2. Quiz

Lecture 2. Notes

Lecture 2. Handout

 JMW Turner,  
Rain, Steam, Speed
, 1844 

Origins: Preservation and the Two Revolutions in 19
th
 Century Europe

Antiquarum Statuorum urbis Romae. . 
.Icones (
Rome: Lorenzo Vaccari, 1584, etching by 
Etienne 
DuPérac
)

KONGO
Ferrante Imperato, 
Dell'Historia Naturale
 (Naples 1599)

Jan Brueghel
 
the Elder and Peter Paul
 
Rubens, Sight, 1617 (from the five senses series) 

Jan Brueghel the Elder & Hieronymus Franken II, The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet, 1621-1623

Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Ruins of the temple of Concord, from 
Vedute di Roma
, 1748–78

The work of antiquarians,  illustrations from Francis Grose, 
The antiquities of England and Wales
, published between 1772 and 1776

Louvre complex in 1615 with the Grand Gallery facing the river Seine 
 
Hubert Robert, 
Imaginary view of the Gallery of the Louvre as a ruin
, 1796, 
Project for the Grand Gallery of the Louvre
 , 1796 

Jean-Lubin Vauzelle: 
Entrance Hall of The Musée des Monuments français
, 1795
Chapel of the Petits Augustins
 convent which housed the museum

From Pugin’s 
Contrasts
, 1841
Contrasting cityscapes
 
Town 1840, modern industries 
Town 1440, medieval, manufacture

 Eugène Delacroix , 
Liberty leading the People
,  1830
Francois Guizot 
Ludovic Vitet
Prosper Mérimée

“
The 
term restoration and the thing itself are both modern. To restore a building is not to preserve it, to repair it, or rebuild, it is to reinstate it in a condition of completeness which could never have existed at any given time
.
"
               VLD 1856 

Viollet le Duc’s restoration of the Basilica of Vezelay, France 

VlD’s use of iron in the nave of Notre Dame Dijon  plans for a market and concert hall

Gustave Le Gray, Aubeterre, France, Central Portal of the Church of Saint-Jacques, 1851 
Hen
r
i 
Le Secq, Strasbourg Cathedral, 1951 

after                         before 
     
  Chester Cathedral 1868           &                    Saint Albans Abbey 1878
                        Church Restorations by G.G. Scott

“Neither by the public, nor by those who have the care of public monuments, is the true meaning of the word 
restoration
 understood.  It means the total destruction which a building can suffer: a destruction out of which no remnant can be gathered: a destruction accompanied by a false description of the thing destroyed.”

“I must not leave the truth unstated, that it is again no question of expediency or feeling whether we shall preserve the buildings of past times or not. We have no right whatever to touch them
.
 They are not ours. They belong partly to those who built them, and partly to all the generations of mankind who are to follow us. The dead have still their right in them …  we have no right to obliterate” 
John Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture 1849
John Ruskin, Ruins of Kenilworth Castle,  Sketch, nd

“(...) the greatest glory of a building is not in its stones, nor in its gold. Its glory is in its Age, and in that deep sense of voicefulness, of stern watching, of mysterious sympathy, nay, even of approval or condemnation, which we feel in walls that have long been washed by the passing waves of humanity.”
John Ruskin, 
Seven Lamps of Architecture
, 1849
Photograph by John Ruskin, Angle of the 
Portico,  Ducal Palace, Venice with carving of 
Judgment of Solomon

From John Ruskin
, The Stones of Venice
, First published 1851, reprint by Morris 1892  

British 
A
rts 
and 
C
rafts 
movement, informed the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, founded 1878 

Restoration of the mosaic
on the West façade of St. 
Mark in Venice
Photo John Ruskin, nd

Trajan’s column, Rome, completed AD 113

National Monument in Berlin, Emperor Wilhelm I, 1897

Canaletto with Piazza St Mark and collapsed plus rebuilt Campanile in Venice

       Type of 
      Monument                        Time Period                                    Value                              Meaning                         
U n i n t e n t i o n a l            Intentional  
 
                                                 
       Antiquity / Middle Ages          commemorative value
                     
                   Renaissance                     art value + historical value
                  19
th
 century                              age value
                  20
th
 century                              newness value
                                                                present-day use value
 
THE EVOLUTION OF VALUES AND MEANINGS IN 
RIEGL’S MODERN CULT OF MONUMENTS 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -
         Objective
          meaning
 
subjective/relative 
         meaning
Conflict:           
historical (age & memorial) versus contemporary (newness & use) values 

"We do not conserve a monument because we find it beautiful, but because it is a part of our national existence. The protection of monuments does not mean the search for pleasure, but rather the exercise of piety. Aesthetic and even art-historical judgments are unstable, but here we have an unchangeable indicator of value”
Nationalism and Critique in early 20
th
c Germany & Austria
“The same pride in national achievements can be heard in such utterances as the French definition of the ·national monuments that make up the 
gloire 
of the French nation ... we experience it immediately as egotistical in relation to the members of another nation. At that point we term it vaingloriousness and not piety.”
Georg Dehio                                                            Alois Riegl 

                                                   
Conclusions

ORIGINS: Selection of Important Dates:
 
1717 	England: Society of Antiquarians in England
1721 	Portugal: Antiquities Preservation Law
1789	France: French Revolution
 	France
: Commission des Monuments
1791 	France: Opening of the Louvre as a public museum    
1794	France: Abbé Grégoire coining of the word 
vandalism
 	
1796	France: Opening of the Museum of French Monuments
1815 	Congress of Vienna pushed for restitution of art and antiquities after military conflicts 
1830	France: Director General of Historic Commission
1835	Belgium: Royal Commission of Monuments
1837 	France: 
Monuments Historique 
program to classify, protect and restore French landmarks 
1844	Spain: Historic Commission 
1848 	England: Marx and Engels Communist Manifesto
1849	England: John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture 
1851 	France: 
Missions Héliographiques'
 - project of the French Historic Society to photograph landmarks and monuments
1853 	England: Royal Photographic Society 
1854 	France: French Photographic Society
1856 	France: Emmanuel Viollet le Duc, restoration as a modern practice aimed to complete not to preserve
 	France: Charles Baudelaire, The Painter of Modern Life
1865	Spain: Code of Regulations for the Preservation of Monuments
1877 	England: Society for the Protection of Ancient Monuments
1882 	England: Ancient Monuments Act (listed 29 monuments in England, 21 in Wales, 21 in Scotland and 18 in Ireland) 
1887	France: Law for the Protection of Ancient Monuments
1890 	Scotland: Scottish Preservation Society England
1895	England: National Trust
 	England: English Preservation Society
 	Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Heritage
1903 	Austria: Alois Riegl drafted a preservation law entitled the first part the Modern Cult of Monuments 

Lecture 2. Origins: Preservation and the Dual Revolution in 19th Century Europe

This lecture explores the internationalization of the preservation movement as a “modern cult” (Riegl). It is organized into three parts: the first part deals with the global expansion of the “cult” in the context of World Fairs. The second part addresses responses to WWI in terms that addressed issues related to technology and functionality in the realm of architecture and preservation. The third part focuses on the “Salvage of Abu Simbel” – the celebrated showcase of UNESCO preservation efforts – which led to the Venice Charter.

Lecture 3. Handout

Lecture 3. Notes

Lecture 3. Quiz

west side of the Agora with archaeological excavations
International organizations for Restoration on operational and advisory levels are to be established. 
Proposed Restoration projects are to be subjected to knowledgeable criticism to prevent mistakes 
that would
 
cause loss of character and historical 
value 
of structures
Problems 
of preservation of historic sites are to be solved by legislation at national level for all countries. 
Excavated sites which are not subject to immediate restoration should be reburied for protection.
Modern 
techniques and materials may be used in restoration work. 
Historical sites are to be given strict custodial protection.
Attention should be given to the protection of areas surrounding historic sites.
Athens 
Charter
,
 
1931
First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments
Archaeological Excavation in 
Athens
,
 
1931

Lecture 3	Expansions: How Preservation became International

The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park London built for Grand International Exhibition of 1851
Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations
 or 
The Great Exhibition
, sometimes referred to as the 
Crystal Palace Exhibition
 
Crystal Palace, London World 
Fair
,
 
1851

Pugin’s Medieval Court, 
London’s World Fair
, 
1852

 
Eiffel tower and Rue du Tivoli with
Paris Word Exhibition Poster

Chicago World Fair 1893 with Japanese Pavilion on Wooded Island

Mexican Pavilion in a Neo-Aztec style for the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1889

Egyptian Bazaar and Cairo Street 
(Rue du Caire)

Paris 1889: “History of Habitation” -- Central African and Lapland Houses

Panorama with pagoda of Angkor on the left and entrance to the Javanese village on the right, Paris 1889

The Grand Basin of the Chicago World Fair, 893

The Fiat Tagliero Building in Asmara, capital city of Eritrea, is a Futurist-style service station completed in 1938 and designed by the Italian architect Guiseppe Pettazzi

Penn 
Station
: 
built 
from 1901 to 1910, demolished in 1963 

Penn Station built from 1901 to 1910, demolished in 1963 

Demonstration against the demolition of Penn Station 1963

Panoramic view of almost totally destroyed town; crude sign reads, "this was Forges", possibly Forges-les-Eaux.

The Functional City: Le Corbusier's 1922 proposal to destroy 2 square miles in the center of Paris and replace them with high-rise apartment towers fronted with parking lots and connected by highways.

Corbusier, Villa Savoy, 1929
Bauhaus University in Dessau, 1926
Building designed by Adolf Loos for the Romanian poet and Dadaist Tristan Tzara  and his wife, the painter Knitson

Participants at the fourth CIAM Congress in Athens, 1933
65. Fine architecture, whether individual buildings or groups of buildings, should be protected from demolition.
66. The grounds for the preservation of buildings should be 
premised in their capacity to 
express 
an earlier 
cultur
, and public interest in its retention.

67. But their preservation should no [sic] entail that people are obliged to live in unsalubrius [sic] conditions.
68. If 
existing 
location
 of preservable architecture 
 
obstructs development, radical measures may be called for, such as altering major circulation routes or even shifting existing central districts - something usually considered impossible.
69. The demolition of slums surrounding historic monuments provides an opportunity to create new open spaces.
70. The re-use of past styles of 
building
s
 
for new structures in historic areas under the pretext of assthetics [sic] has disastrous consequences. The continuance or the introduction of such habits in any form should not be tolerated.
 
CIAM 
Congr
è
s Internationa
l
 
d'Architecture Moderne
 
Athens Charter 1933

Great Zimbabwe, excavations, early 20
th
 c

Great Zimbabwe
Aerial  view of the great enclosure, conical tower  and ground plan

UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. Marcel Breuer and Bernard Zehrfuss, Architects; Pier Luigi Nervi, Structural Engineer, 1953
Palace of Nations in 
Geneva
,
 
built for the
League of Nations 

UNESCO’S “Salvage of Abu Simbel”  1959 – 1968
Due to the construction of the Aswan high dam

European Representations of Abu Simbel in painting 1848, plaster cast 1851 and photography 1906

 
Coyne et Bellier with Albert
Laprade. “Dam” scheme to protect the temples of Abu Simbel,
1960

William MacQuitty with Jane Drew, Maxwell Fry, and Edmund Happold. “Underwater” scheme to purify the water around the temples. Sketch of the large temple’s shrine interior by Drew and Fry Architects
.

Piero Gazzola with Riccardo Morandi, Gustavo Colonetti, and Italconsult. Italian “lifting” scheme to relocate the temples a hundred meters vertically. Pencil drawing by Riccardo Morandi.

Vattenbyggnadsbyrån
(VBB). “Cutting” scheme to
relocate the temples, 1963.
Elevation of large temple façade

Cutting work above. Right: Detail of epoxy being injected into the temple fronts to consolidate them before or after cutting, ca. 1965. 
Vattenbyggnadsbyrån (VBB). Section 
of
 
the reconstruction of the large temple of Abu Simbel, showing reinforced concrete dome and façade backing, 1965.

UNESCO Venice Charter 1964
“Imbued with a message from the past, the historic monuments of generations of people remain to the present day as living witnesses of their age-old traditions. People are becoming more and more conscious of the unity of human values and regard ancient monuments as a common heritage. The common responsibility to safeguard them for future generations is recognized. It is our duty to hand them on in the full richness of their authenticity.” 
Preamble, Venice Charter, 1964
1. Concept of historic buildings extended to include groups of buildings. 
2. Conservation of buildings should not change ornamentation or layout. 
3. Restoration–only where necessary, but no reconstruction. New elements should be distinguishable. 
4. Elements of value from any period should be respected. 
5. Falsification in replacing parts should be ruled out 
6. Rehabilitation of archaeological sites should not alter buildings to enhance understanding.
 
 

International Centre for the Study 
of the Preservation and Restoration 
of Cultural Property (ICCROM), 1959
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), 1965
World Monument Fund (WMF), 1965

                                                           Conclusions

Expansions: Selection of Important Dates:
 
1851 	England: World Fair in London / Chrystal Palace in London
 	USA: Private historic preservation society aimed to purchase and preserve the Estate of George Washington
1853 	France: beginning of Hausmann’s urban renovation of Paris 
1872 	USA: Federally protected Yellowstone National Park 
1889	France:  Paris World Fair
 	Japan: Photographic Society
1893 	USA: Chicago World Fair
1897 	Japan: Decree for a survey and preservation of Shinto shrines and temples
1884	India (British Colony): Ancient Monuments Preservation Act
1903 	South Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) : Ancient Monuments Protection Ordinance   
1913 	England: Ancient Monuments Preservation Law  
1914 - 1918 Word War I
1919 	France & Switzerland: Founding League of Nations
1922 	France: Le Corbusier, Functional City
1928 	France Founding of CIAM (International Congress of Modern Architecture)  
1931 	Athens Charter (First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments) 
 	Athens CIAM Charter
1935 	USA: Historic Sites Act
1939 - 1945 World War II
1946 	France: UNESCO
1948	 International Union
 
for
 
Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
1949 	USA: National Trust for Historic Preservation
1959: ICCROM (International Council for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments) 
1956-1966 The Salvage of Abu Simbel
1964 	Venice Charter
1965 	ICOMOS (International Council of Monuments and Sites) 
1965 	WMF (World Monument Fund) 
1966 	USA: National Historic Preservation Act

 Lecture 3. Expansions: How Architectural Conservation Became International

This lecture discusses the political dimension of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention as a legal contract between the UNESCO and the individual member states that have signed the convention. The first part explains the background of the convention. The second part explains how the convention actually works. The third part addresses the challenges the World Heritage Convention is facing. 

Lecture 4. Handout

Lecture 4. Notes

Lecture 4. Quiz

.
Increase of inscription on the World Heritage List

how sustainable is “world heritage” both as a concept and a practice?
more the 40 years after the convention

Antiquarum Statuorum urbis Romae. . .Icones (Rome: Lorenzo Vaccari, 1584, etching by 
Etienne 
DuPérac
)

        Gustave Le Gray, Aubeterre, France,  Central Portal of the Church of Saint-Jacques, 1851 

AIMS and DUTIES OF THE CONVENTION ACCORDING TO UNESCO WEBSITE:
“The Convention sets out the duties of state parties in identifying potential sites and their role in protecting and preserving them. By signing the Convention, each country pledges to conserve not only the World Heritage sites situated on its territory, but also to protect its national heritage. 
The 
State 
Parties are encouraged to integrate the protection of the cultural and natural heritage into regional planning programmes, set up staff and services at their sites, undertake scientific and technical conservation research and adopt measures which give this heritage a function in the day-to-day life of the community.”  
http://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/

FIRST PARAGRAPHS OF THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION
Noting 
that the cultural heritage and the natural heritage are increasingly 
threatened with destruction 
not only by the traditional causes of decay, but also by changing social and economic conditions which aggravate the situation with even more formidable phenomena of 
damage or destruction
,
Considering
 that 
deterioration or disappearance 
of any item of the cultural or natural heritage constitutes a harmful impoverishment of the heritage of all the nations of the world,
Considering
 that 
protection of this heritage 
at the national level often remains incomplete because of the scale of the resources which it requires and of the insufficient economic, scientific, and technological resources of the country where the property to be protected is situated,
Recalling
 that the Constitution of the Organization [UNESCO] provides that it will maintain, increase, and diffuse knowledge, by assuring the conservation and protection of the 
world's heritage
, and recommending to the nations concerned the necessary international conventions,
Considering 
that the existing international conventions, recommendations and resolutions concerning cultural and natural property demonstrate the importance, for all the peoples of the world, of safeguarding this 
unique and irreplaceable property
, to whatever people it may belong,
Considering 
that parts of the cultural or natural heritage are of outstanding interest and therefore need to be preserved as part of the world heritage of 
mankind as a whole
,
Considering 
that, in view of the magnitude and gravity of the new dangers threatening them, it is incumbent on the international community as a whole to participate in the protection of the cultural and natural heritage of 
outstanding universal value
, by the granting of collective assistance which, although not taking the place of action by the State concerned, will serve as an efficient complement thereto,
Considering 
that it is essential for this purpose to adopt new provisions in the form of a convention establishing an effective system of collective protection of the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value, organized on a permanent basis and in accordance 
with modern scientific methods,
Having decided,
 at its sixteenth session, that this question should be made the subject of an 
international convention,

Property
Heritage
Identity 
Remembrance
UNESCO
STATE PARTY
Preservation
Recognition
THE DEAD
THE LIVING
THE UNBORN
                        
World Heritage and the Principle of Exchange

 
"cultural heritage” 
-
 monuments
: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; 
- 
groups of buildings
: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science;        
- sites
: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man,
 and areas including archaeological sites which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.
“natural heritage“
 - natural features 
consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view;
-  geological and physiographical formations 
and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation;
- natural sites 
or precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.
 

World Heritage Committee 
Meeting
, Paris,
 201
1

the first twelve inscriptions onto the world heritage list in 1978: 
North America: 4, Europe: 3, Africa: 3, South America: 2
cultural sites: 8                   natural sites: 4
South America: 	           
Galapos islands 				         Quito
North America: 	
Mesa Verde             Yellow Stone Park 	   L'Anse aux Meadows          Nahanni Park
Europe: 		
Aachen Cathedral  		    Krakow Old Town         Wieliczka & Bochnia Salt Mine 
Africa: 		
Goree 			            Simien                                 Lalibea Rock Churches 

State Party                          World Heritage Center                     World Heritage Committee                  
   
national 
                           
administrative center in Paris                                 intergovernmental periodic report                                secretariat since 1992               not localized / rotating membership
                                                                                                                                     world heritage fund
 
 inventory
                                                              
   
1
                                 
  
2
                            
3
 
                             
4 
                                 
 5
       
                                                                  
                                                             
  						     advisory bodies
                                         IUCN (1948) & ICOMOS (1965)
                                                          
   (evaluation)
 
  
tentative
                                       ICCROM (1959)
      
list
     
Nomination       World Heritage List (plus Danger List)    Inscription / deletion
                                                   started in 1977 with 12 entries
                                    at present (2016) more than 1000 sites are listed
     
                                            
UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION 1972 – flexible working document

UNESCO World Heritage Signboard: “The Great Living Chola Temples have been inscribed on the World Heritage List. Inscriptions on the list confirms the exceptional  universal value of  cultural or a natural site which deserves protection for the benefit of all humanity
”     
The World Heritage Emblem as a signifier for 
Outstanding Universal Value 
 

	
The following criteria define “Outstanding Universal Value”
	
For Cultural Heritage
I   	"represents a masterpiece of human creative genius and cultural significance”
II   	"exhibits an important interchange of human values, over a span of time, or within a cultural area of the 	world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning, or landscape 	design”
III    	"to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or 	which has 
disappeared
"
IV   	 "is an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural, or technological ensemble or landscape which 	illustrates a significant stage in human history”
V    	"is an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of 	a culture, or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the 	impact of irreversible change”
VI    	"is directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic 
and 
	literary works of outstanding universal significance”
	For Natural Heritage
VII	"contains superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic 	importance" 
VIII	"is an outstanding example representing major stages of Earth's history, including the record of life, 
significant 
   
 
           
on
-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or 
physiographic 
 
           
features
" 
IX 	"is an outstanding example representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the 	evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems, and communities of 	plants and animals" 
X 	"contains the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological 
diversity
, 
 
          
including 
those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of 	view of science 
  
 
          
or conservation
	Other important considerations are authenticity, integrity, protection, and management 
	

         
 Brihadisvara temple at Tanjavu, Tamil Nadu, India

Criterion (i): The three Chola temples of Southern India represent an outstanding creative achievement in the architectural conception of the pure form of the dravida type of temple.
Criterion (ii): The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur became the first great example of the Chola temples, followed by a development of which the other two properties also bear witness.
Criterion (iii): The three Great Chola Temples are an exceptional and the most outstanding testimony to the development of the architecture of the Chola Empire and the Tamil civilisation in Southern India.
Criterion (iv): The Great Chola temples at Thanjavur, at Gangaikondacholapuram and Darasuram are outstanding examples of the architecture and the representation of the Chola ideology
.
“Outstanding Universal value”

 
“ The representative of Algeria noted that the present composition of the World Heritage Committee was somewhat imbalanced in terms of geographical representation, with a particular lack of representation of African States Parties. This meant that there was a resulting imbalance in the representation of cultural regions. The Algerian representative suggested that the Bureau and the Committee should re-examine the voting procedure for the General Assembly of States Parties. 
The Committee agreed that there was a need to ensure an equitable representation of the different regions and cultures of the world, as is stated in Article 8, paragraph 1 of the Convention. It requested the Secretariat to present the Bureau and the Committee with proposals which would respond to this need and which could eventually be adopted by the 7th General Assembly of States Parties in 1989.”
UNESCO documents SC-87/CONF.OOS/9, p. 19
Imbalance and the Postcolonial Turn 

Traditional Yoruba aesthetics      vs.               Wenger’s modernist dynamics

Outstanding Universal Value
Criteria II
:
 The development of the Movement of New Sacred Artists and the absorption of Suzanne Wenger, an Austrian artist, into the Yoruba community have proved to be a fertile exchange of ideas that revived the sacred Osun Grove.
 
Criteria III
:
 The Osun Sacred Grove is the largest and perhaps the only remaining example of a once widespread phenomenon that used to characterise every Yoruba settlement. It now represents Yoruba sacred Groves and their reflection of Yoruba cosmology.
 
Criteria VI
:
 The Osun Grove is a tangible expression of Yoruba divinatory and cosmological systems; its annual festival is a living thriving and evolving response to Yoruba beliefs in the bond between people, their ruler and the Osun goddess.
 
Osun Osogbo Shrine and Festival

Palestine delegation and Church of Nativity, in Bethlehem, Palestine

Palestine: 
Manger 
Square with Church of Nativity at the back, 
with 
aerial view 
Church of Nativity

DigitalGlobe satellite imagery depicting multiple destroyed Islamic tombs and ancient architectural
features in the Tadmor and Palmyra areas (Digital Globe; September 2, 2015)

  
Palmyra oasis with temple of Bel in the back

 
Strengthen the 
Credibility
 of the World Heritage List as a representative and geographically balanced testimony of cultural and natural properties of outstanding universal value 
Ensure the effective 
Conservation
 of World Heritage Properties. 
Promote the development of effective 
Capacity building 
in States 
Parties
,
 
including assistance for preparing the nomination of properties to the World Heritage List, for the understanding and implementation of the World Heritage Convention and related instruments  
4. Increase public awareness, involvement and support for World Heritage through 
Communication
. 
5. Enhance the role of 
Communities
 in the implementation of the World Heritage Convention
. 
The five Cs as a framework for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention

Lecture 4. Elevations: From Heritage to World Heritage

This lecture discusses the tensions and frictions that arise when heritage infringes upon the life of those living in and with heritage sites.  At the center stands the conflict between object-focused experts and the national government issuing the laws regulating preservation, and the local communities where preservation is enacted. In other words, as much as heritage can be a matter of national pride it can also be a source of conflict over ownership. Once again the question is: Whose heritage is preserved? The heritage of the state or the heritage of the people? The lecture presents three different case studies, each presenting not only different forms of conflict but also different types of heritage: the ancient city of Djenné in Mali, the archaeological site of Chichén Itzá in Mexico the cultural landscape of the Elbe Valley in Dresden, Germany.

Lecture 5. Handout

Lecture 5. Notes

Lecture 5. Quiz

L
ecture 5 	
Communities
: 
Preservation between Citizens and Experts

                                 
UNESCOCIDE
 
“it is devastating to witness the death throes of so many cities. Splendid, opulent, hectic, for centuries, sometimes millennia, they had survived the vicissitudes of history: war, pestilence, earthquakes. But now, one after another, they are withering, emptying, becoming reduced to theatrical backdrops against which a bloodless pantomime is staged. Where once life throbbed, and cantankerous humanity elbowed its way, pushing and shoving, now you will find only snack bars and stalls—all of them the same—selling ‘local specialities’: muslins, batiks, cottons, beach wraps, bracelets. What was once a living torrent, full of shouts and fury, is now safely enclosed in a travel brochure. The death sentence is delivered from an elegant building in Paris—Place Fontenoy, Seventh Arrondissement—after a long drawn-out bureaucratic process. The verdict is a label that cannot be removed—a brand, stamped on forever.” 

 
Strengthen the 
Credibility
 of the World Heritage List as a representative and geographically balanced testimony of cultural and natural properties of outstanding universal value 
Ensure the effective 
Conservation
 of World Heritage Properties. 
Promote the development of effective 
Capacity building 
in States Parties including assistance for preparing the nomination of properties to the World Heritage List, for the understanding and implementation of the World Heritage Convention and related instruments  
Increase 
public awareness, involvement and support for World Heritage through 
Communication
. 
Enhance 
the role of 
Communities
 
in the implementation of the World Heritage Convention
. 
The five Cs as a framework for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention

Aerial view of Djenné, Mali
      with Djenné mosque
 Trans-Saharan trade routes 

A house in Djenné with a Toucouleur-style façade. From a French colonial postcard 
by Edmond Fortier published in 1906

Djenné and the rise of national symbolism

Pointed arches inside the Djenné mosque and view over the rooftops of Djenné 
Since 1987 a World Heritage Site  based on criterion IV: 
“Djenne is an outstanding example of an architectural group of buildings illustrating a significant historic period.” 
 

Preservation 
challenges
UNESCO Status               Tourism              Population Increase            Commercial Boom
  

Panoramic view of "El Castillo" pyramid-temple devoted to the Mayan 
deity 
Kukulkan
Head of the feathered serpent deity Kukulkan and equinox illuminating the serpent’s body

Panoramic view of "El Castillo" pyramid-temple devoted to the 
Maya deity 
Kukulkan
Criterion (
i
) :
 The monuments of 
Chichén
-
Itzá
, 
particularly in the northern group, which includes the Great Ball Court, the Temple of 
Kukulkan
 and the Temple of the Warriors, are among the undisputed masterpieces of Mesoamerican architecture because of the beauty of their proportions, the refinement of their construction and the splendor of their sculpted decorations.
Criterion (ii):
 The monuments of 
Chichén
-Itza 
had 
an influence throughout the entire Yucatan cultural zone from the 10th to the 15th century.
Criterion (iii):
 
Chichen
-Itza is the most important archaeological vestige of the Maya-Toltec civilization in Yucatan (10th-15th centuries).

“El Castillo”
In 1848 when it was “discovered’ 
In 1892 before it was cleaned and restored
In 1900 after it had been turned into an archaeological site  

Owners of 
Chich
é
n Itz
á
:
Edward Thompson & Fernando Barbachano 

     Popularity Poll 2007,  The New Seven Wonders of the World

Dresden, Germany 
Bernardo Canaletto, Dresden from the right bank of the river Elbe,  1748

Dresden, before WW II, at the end of WW 
II
,
 
and Today

Cultural 
Landscape
:
 
Elbe 
Valley
 in
 Dresden, 
with 18
th
 and 19
th
 century castles suburban villas, terraced slopes and 19
th
 century steel bridge

Criterion (II):
 The Dresden Elbe Valley has 
been
at 
 
the crossroads in Europe, in culture, science and technology. Its art collections, architecture, gardens, and landscape features have been an important reference for Central European developments in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Criterion (III):
 The Dresden Elbe Valley contains exceptional testimonies of court architecture and festivities, as well as renowned examples of middle-class architecture and industrial heritage representing European urban development into the modern industrial era.
Criterion (IV):
 The Dresden Elbe Valley is an outstanding cultural landscape, an ensemble that integrates the celebrated baroque setting and suburban garden city into an artistic whole within the river valley.
Criterion (V):
 The Dresden Elbe Valley is an outstanding example of land use, representing an exceptional development of a major Central-European city. The value of this cultural landscape has long been recognized, but it is now under new pressures for change
.
19
th
 century villas and steamboat

Dresden, unobstructed view on the Elbe river cultural landscape and site of the planned bridge 

Construction of the Bridge
Civic Protest 2007 

        Public Inauguration of the Bridge
Bridge completed in 2011

Lecture 5. Frictions: Preservation Between Citizen and Expert

This lecture will address issues surrounding architectural materiality, and the way in which materiality is factored in into strategies of architectural preservation that are filtered through memory. Many of these themes also relate to the rather ambiguous concept of authenticity, particularly with regards to the role that materiality plays in the establishment of what might be considered the “genuine” or the “original” character of an architectural form. This module will focus on how authenticity, with regards to the materiality of architecture and its preservation, is often less of an absolute idiom and more of a compromise between various stakeholders and agendas, particularly as it relates to history and memory. Whether dealing with issues of formalism (Notre Dame), nationalism (Abu Simbel), or cultural identity (Djenné), materiality as both a physical record and a historical artifact that, in the context of preservation, is defined by idealism balanced with pragmatism, a balance defined by issues of political, social, cultural, and even spiritual reality.

Lecture 6.  Handout

Lecture 6.  Notes

Lecture 6.  Quiz

Lecture 6 
Materialities: Experience, Memory and Authenticity

Torre Picasso, Madrid, Spain
c. 1982
Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, France, c. 1240
“Sioux Tipi,” Karl Bodmer, ca. 1833

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, c. 1997 (architect: Frank Gehry) 

Chapel and interior nave of Saint Foy, 
Conques, France, c. 8
th
 century  CE

The Parthenon, Athens, Greece, 
c. 432 BCE (Marble)
Teleuk, Mousgoum cultural group,
Chad / Cameroon, date unknown
(Earth)

The Cathedral of Notre Dame, Île de la Cité, Paris, France, c. 12
th
 century CE 

Pointed arch (Notre Dame)
Flying Buttress (Notre Dame)
Ribbed vault (Notre Dame)

Eugène Delacroix , “
La liberté guidant le peuple
 (Liberty Leading the People),” 1830, France

The Île de la Cité and Cathedral of Notre Dame in the 17th century
(etching by I. Silvestre Wellcome)

Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le
-
Duc  
(1814-1879)
Jean
-
Baptiste-Antoine
 
Lassus 
(1807-1857)

Statues next to the Portal of St. Anne, Notre Dame 
(renovated 
in 
late 
19
th
 century 
by
 
Viollet
 
le Duc and Lassus) 

View of Notre-Dame
 at the end of the 19th century

Notre-Dame's facade showing the Portal of the Virgin,
 Portal of the Last Judgment, 
and Portal of St-Anne

Minor temple of Ramesses II, Abu Simbel, southern Egypt / Nubia, c. 1280 BCE

Main temple of Ramesses II, Abu Simbel, southern Egypt / Nubia, c. 1280 BCE

Pyramids / royal tombs 
Meroë , Sudan (Ancient Kush / Nubia)
C. 720 BCE–300 BCE
Pyramids of Khufu, 
Khafre, and Menkaure
Giza, Egypt, 
c. 2580-2511 BC

Satellite image of the Aswan High Dam, southern Egypt, 2009

Aswan High Dam, 
southern Egypt
Lake Nasser
Southern Egypt
Relocated small
temple

The statue of Ramesses II at the Great Temple of Abu Simbel is reassembled after having been moved in 1967 

A scale model showing the original and current location of the temple
 (with respect to the water level) at the Nubian Museum, in Aswan, southern Egypt

Tourist traffic at Abu Simbel, southern Egypt

Current view of the relocated temples at Abu Simbel

View of the Djenne mosque and marketplace, Djenne, Mali

Vase and figurine recovered from the archaeological site 
of Jenne-Jeno, Mali

(left) View of a major road running 
through the town
(top) traditional-style house built using
earth

Djenne’s masons replastering the
Great mosque in Djenné, Mali

Lecture 6.  Materialities: Experience, Memory and Authenticity

This lecture will address issues surrounding the immaterial and the question of “intangible” heritage with regards to how conceptual, not physical, elements such as memory, orality, and historical practice play a role in strategies of architectural preservation. Many of these themes also (again) access the rather ambiguous concept of authenticity, particularly with regards to the role that the proceedings of the 1994 Nara Conference played in highlighting the necessity of broadening definitions of cultural heritage in order to privilege global diversity and the various modes of understanding and evaluating “cultural property” through an immaterial lens. Through a consideration of the conventional practices of the masonry guild in Djenné, and the transmission of knowledge systems at work in the regular renovation of the Ise Shrine, the intangible comes to the fore as an equally relevant cultural condition that pushes back against more West-centric academic modes of defining heritage as the physically monumental and “iconic,” classifications that incidentally underscore the various identity politics at work in dialogues between the West and a larger global heritage constituency.

Lecture 7.  Handout

Lecture 7.  Notes

Lecture 7.  Quiz

View of the 
Djenn
é
 
mosque and marketplace, Djenne, Mali

Ko-dō
 and five-storied pagoda at Hōryū-ji, two of the world's oldest wooden structures
 dating to around 700

Lecture 
7 
	
The 
Intangible: Beyond the Built 
Heritage
 

Creating an intangible form using long-exposure photography,
Architectural Association School of Architecture, UK
Light Painting
 
by  Stephen Knapp

Muslim individuals engaging in prayer
 on a sidewalk 
A local rock-outlined mosque in Larabanga, Ghana
An individual engaging in prayer
Using a prayer mat

Lecture hall (kondo), Hōryū-ji, Japan 
Pagoda, Hōryū-ji , Japan
	Both have been reconstructed numerous times, known dates being in 711 CE, 1374 CE, and 1603 CE

Inner shrine: View of the main shrine, treasure houses, and innermost fence 

“Floating” Shinto torii gate,
 Itsukushima Shrine, 
Miyajima, Japan, 
mid 16
th
 century
Aoi Shinto Shrine
 Inagi, Tokyo, Japan,
Date unknown

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Histories Of Heritage: Architectural Conservation And Historic Preservation In A Global Perspective

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