anita bakshi

Assistant Professor

Starting at the scale of infrastructure, policy, and land acquisition, this lecture examines how the groundwork has been laid for ongoing exploitation and slow violence against communities of color in the United States.  It explores the impacts of industrial pollution and contamination by highlighting the connections between the built environment and public health in light of the history of industrial zoning.  Acknowledging the connections  between race and contaminated environments, it grounds an examination of contemporary lived experiences with a history of zoning laws in American cities and federal policies that stripped Native Americans of their lands and led to high rates of environmental pollution near their communities.  The lecture links to other educational resources and videos to explore how contamination has affected the built environment and cultural practices and connections to urban and natural landscapes.

Lecture 1. Handout

Lecture 1. Notes

Lecture 1. Bibliography

Lecture 1. Quiz with Answers

Lecture 1. Video Assignment

S
T
R
UCTURE
Part
 
One:
Environmental
 
Justice
Part
 
Two:
New 
York
 
City
Zoning 
Laws 
and 
Contamination  
Stories 
from 
Mott 
Haven, 
South
 
Bronx
Part
 
Three:
Native 
American 
Land  
Federal 
Laws 
and
 
Policies
Superfund 
Sites 
and 
Food
 
Sovereignty
Stories 
from 
the 
Ramapough 
Lunaape 
Turtle 
Clan  
Ringwood, 
New
 
Jersey

QUESTIONS
How 
are 
communities 
affected 
by 
industrial 
pollution 
and  
contamination?
How 
does 
the 
public 
health 
landscape 
of 
American 
cities  
connect 
to 
a 
history 
of 
industrial
 
zoning?
What 
are 
the 
connections 
between 
race 
and
 
contamination?
How 
does 
contamination 
affect 
cultural 
practices 
and  
connections 
to 
the
 
landscape?
How 
are 
communities 
organizing 
to 
gain 
access 
to 
healthier  
environments?

Part 
One: 
Environmental
 
Justice
Protestors 
led 
by Reverend 
Joseph 
Lowery march 
against a 
proposed 
toxic waste  
dump in 
Warren 
County, 
North 
Carolina, 
in October
 
1982.
Bettman/Getty
 
Images
h
ttps://w
ww.nrdc
.org/stories/history-environmental-justice-five-minutes
EPA 
website,
 
2020
h
ttps://w
ww
.epa.go
v/en
vironmentaljustic
e
“Environmental 
justice 
is 
the 
fair 
treatment  and 
meaningful 
involvement 
of 
all 
people  
regardless 
of 
race, 
color, 
national 
origin, 
or  
income 
with respect 
to 
the 
development,  implementation, and enforcement of  environmental 
laws, regulations, 
and 
policies.  
EPA 
has 
this goal 
for 
all 
communities 
and  
persons 
across 
this 
nation. 
It 
will 
be 
achieved  
when everyone 
enjoys 
the 
same 
degree 
of  protection from environmental and 
health  
hazards and 
equal 
access 
to 
the 
decision-  making 
process to 
have 
a 
healthy 
environment  
in which 
to 
live, 
learn, 
and
 
work”

Siting of 
Hazardous 
Waste 
Landfills 
and 
Their Correlation With 
Racial and 
Economic  Status 
of Surrounding 
Communities
RCED-83-168: 
Published: 
Jun 1, 1983. 
Publicly 
Released: Jun 14,
 
1983.  
h
ttps://w
ww.gao
.gov/assets/150/140159.pdf
Toxic 
Wastes 
and Racce in the 
United States: 
A 
National 
Report on the Racial and  Socio-Economic Characteristics of 
Communities 
with 
Hazardous 
Waste 
Sites  
United 
Church 
of 
Christ Commission for 
Racial 
Justice 
, 1987  
h
ttps://w
ww.nrc
.gov/docs/ML1310/ML13109A339.pdf

WE, THE PEOPLE OF COLOR
, 
gathered together 
at 
this 
multinational 
People 
of 
Color 
Environmental Leadership  Summit, 
to 
begin 
to 
build 
a 
national 
and 
international 
movement 
of 
all peoples 
of 
color 
to 
fight 
the 
destruction 
and 
taking 
of  
our 
lands 
and 
communities, 
do 
hereby re-establish 
our 
spiritual interdependence 
to the 
sacredness 
of 
our Mother Earth; 
to  respect 
and 
celebrate 
each 
of 
our 
cultures, languages 
and 
beliefs 
about the 
natural 
world and our 
roles 
in 
healing ourselves; 
to  
ensure environmental 
justice; 
to 
promote economic 
alternatives 
which would 
contribute 
to 
the 
development of  environmentally 
safe 
livelihoods; 
and, 
to 
secure 
our 
political, 
economic 
and 
cultural liberation 
that has been denied for 
over  
500 
years 
of 
colonization 
and 
oppression, 
resulting 
in the 
poisoning 
of 
our 
communities 
and 
land 
and the 
genocide 
of 
our  
peoples, 
do 
affirm 
and 
adopt these 
Principles 
of 
Environmental
 
Justice:
The 
Principles 
of 
Environmental Justice
 
(EJ)
Environmental Justice 
affirms the sacredness of  
Mother Earth, 
ecological unity 
and the 
interdependence 
of  
all 
species, 
and the 
right 
to 
be 
free 
from 
ecological  destruction.
Environmental Justice 
demands that public policy 
be  
based 
on 
mutual respect 
and 
justice 
for all 
peoples, 
free  from 
any 
form 
of 
discrimination 
or
 
bias.
Environmental Justice 
mandates 
the 
right 
to 
ethical,  
balanced 
and 
responsible uses 
of 
land 
and 
renewable  resources 
in the 
interest 
of 
a 
sustainable planet for humans  
and 
other living
 
things.
Environmental Justice 
calls 
for 
universal 
protection  from 
nuclear testing, extraction, production 
and 
disposal  
of 
toxic/hazardous wastes 
and 
poisons 
and 
nuclear 
testing  
that threaten 
the 
fundamental right 
to 
clean air, 
land,  
water, 
and
 
food.
Environmental Justice 
affirms 
the 
fundamental 
right  
to 
political, economic, cultural 
and 
environmental 
self-  
determination 
of 
all
 
peoples.
Environmental Justice 
demands 
the 
cessation 
of 
the  
production 
of 
all 
toxins, hazardous wastes, 
and 
radioactive  
materials, 
and 
that 
all past and 
current producers 
be 
held  strictly 
accountable 
to 
the people for 
detoxification and  
the 
containment 
at 
the point 
of
 
production.
Environmental Justice 
demands 
the 
right to  
participate 
as 
equal partners 
at 
every level 
of 
decision-  
making, 
including 
needs 
assessment,
 
planning,
implementation, 
enforcement 
and
 
evaluation.
Environmental Justice 
affirms 
the 
right 
of 
all 
workers  
to 
a 
safe 
and 
healthy 
work environment 
without being  
forced 
to 
choose between 
an 
unsafe livelihood and  unemployment. 
It also 
affirms 
the 
right 
of 
those 
who 
work  
at home to be 
free 
from 
environmental
 
hazards.
Environmental Justice 
protects 
the 
right 
of 
victims of  environmental injustice 
to 
receive full compensation and  
reparations for damages 
as 
well 
as 
quality health
 
care.
Environmental Justice 
considers 
governmental 
acts  
of 
environmental injustice 
a 
violation 
of 
international law,  
the 
Universal Declaration 
On 
Human 
Rights, 
and the  
United 
Nations Convention 
on
 
Genocide.
Environmental Justice 
must 
recognize 
a 
special legal  
and 
natural relationship 
of 
Native Peoples to the U.S.  
government through treaties, agreements, compacts, and  
covenants affirming sovereignty 
and
 
self-determination.
Environmental Justice 
affirms 
the need 
for urban  
and 
rural 
ecological policies 
to 
clean 
up 
and 
rebuild our  
cities 
and 
rural areas 
in 
balance 
with 
nature, honoring the  
cultural integrity 
of 
all 
our 
communities, 
and 
provided 
fair  
access for all to the full range 
of
 
resources.
Environmental Justice 
calls for 
the 
strict  enforcement 
of 
principles 
of 
informed 
consent, 
and 
a 
halt  
to the 
testing 
of 
experimental 
reproductive 
and 
medical  procedures 
and 
vaccinations 
on 
people 
of
 
color.
Environmental Justice 
opposes 
the 
destructive  
operations 
of 
multi-national
 
corporations.
Environmental Justice 
opposes 
military 
occupation,  repression 
and 
exploitation 
of 
lands, peoples 
and 
cultures,  
and 
other life
 
forms.
Environmental Justice 
calls 
for the 
education 
of  
present 
and 
future generations 
which emphasizes 
social  
and 
environmental issues, 
based 
on 
our 
experience 
and 
an  
appreciation 
of 
our 
diverse cultural
 
perspectives.
Environmental Justice 
requires that 
we, 
as  
individuals, 
make 
personal 
and 
consumer 
choices 
to  
consume 
as 
little 
of 
Mother Earth's resources 
and 
to  produce 
as 
little 
waste 
as 
possible; 
and make 
the  
conscious decision 
to 
challenge 
and 
reprioritize our  
lifestyles 
to 
ensure 
the 
health 
of 
the 
natural 
world for  present 
and 
future
 
generations.
More info on environmental justice and  environmental
 
racism
 
can
 
be
 
found
 
online
 
at  
www.ejnet.org/ej/
Delegates 
to 
the First 
National 
People 
of 
Color 
Environmental 
Leadership Summit 
held on 
October 24-27, 
1991, 
in  
Washington
 
DC,
 
drafted
 
and
 
adopted
 
these
 
17
 
principles
 
of
 
Environmental
 
Justice.
 
Since
 
then,
 
the
 
Principles
 
have
 
served  
as 
a 
defining document 
for the 
growing 
grassroots 
movement 
for 
environmental
 
justice.
“Delegates 
to 
the 
First 
National People 
of  
Color 
Environmental 
Leadership 
Summit  
held 
on 
October 24-27, 1991, in  
Washington 
DC, 
drafted and 
adopted 
these  17 
principles 
of Environmental
 
Justice.
Since 
then, the 
Principles 
have 
served  
as 
a 
defining 
document 
for 
the 
growing  
grassroots 
movement for 
environmental  
justice.”
https://w
ww.nrdc
.org/sites/default/files/ej-principles.pdf

Buchanan 
v. 
Warley  
1917
racial 
zoning 
ordinances 
interfered 
with 
the 
right 
of 
a
 
property  
owner 
to 
sell 
to 
whomever 
they
 
pleased.
RESPONSE: 
economic 
zoning 
as 
a way 
to 
circumvent 
the
 
ruling
1917: Buchanan 
v. 
Warley  
h
ttps://w
ww.bost
onfairhousing.org/ 
 
timeline/1917-Buchanan-v.Warley.html

City Plan 
Commission. The Zone 
Plan. 
St. Louis: 
City Plan 
Commission 
,
 
1919
“The 
St. 
Louis 
zoning 
ordinance 
was 
eventually adopted
 
in
 
1919,	
two 
years 
after 
the 
Supreme 
Court 
Buchanan  
ruling 
and
 
racial
 
assignments;	
with no 
reference
 
to
 
race,	
the 
ordinance 
pretended to 
be 
in 
compliance...it  
designated land 
for 
future 
industrial 
development 
if 
it 
was 
in 
or 
adjacent to 
neighborhoods with 
substantial  
African 
American 
populations.”
- 
Richard 
Rothstein, 
The 
Color 
of 
Law,
 
p.49.
Rothstein, Richard, 
2017. 
The Color 
of 
Law: 
A 
Forgotten 
History of 
how 
our 
Government  
Segregated 
America. 
New 
York 
& 
London: Liveright Publishing
 
Corporation.

New 
York 
City 
- 
Zoning 
Laws 
&
 
Contamination
Building 
Zone 
Plan: Map 
Designations 
and Map 
Designation Rules,
 
1916.
New 
York 
Historiccal
 
Society
http://blog.nyhistory.org/undesirable-edifices-generally-the-1916-zoning-resolution/
Zoning 
Handbook: A Guide 
to 
the 
Zoning Resolution 
of the City of 
New 
York,
 
1961.
City Planning 
Commission  https://kuwait2040.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/1961-ny-zoning-handbook.pdf

Zoning 
Handbook: A Guide 
to 
the 
Zoning Resolution 
of the City of 
New 
York,
 
1961.
City Planning 
Commission  https://kuwait2040.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/1961-ny-zoning-handbook.pdf
“People 
lived 
in 
areas 
designated 
as unrestricted  
before 
the 1961 
changes and continued 
to live 
in  
heavy 
manufacturing 
districts 
despite 
their 
zoning  
designation...Zoning 
regulations 
do 
not protect  
residences within 
manufacturing zones, requiring  only 
a 
buffer 
around 
districts 
zoned 
as 
residential  rather than residential 
areas 
withing 
districts  
zoned 
for
 
manufacturing...
...In 
one 
fell 
swoop, 
over 
2,000 
residences  
containing an 
estimated 
10,000 
people, 
were 
thrust  
into
 
nonconforming
 
status.	
the 
marketability 
of  
housing 
stock was 
thus 
undermined 
by 
limiting  permissable 
repairs 
and 
improvements 
and  
placing 
the 
house outside 
apppropriate 
codes 
of  
protection.”
- 
Julie 
Sze, 
Noxious 
New 
York
,
 
p.45
Sunset
 
Park
Williamsburg
West
 
Harlem
South
 
Bronx
Sze, 
Julie, 
2006. 
Noxious 
New 
York: 
The 
Racial 
Politics 
of 
Urban Health 
and 
Environmental  Justice. 
MIT
 
Press.

New 
York 
City 
Zoning 
& Land 
Use 
Map - 
Bronx,
 
2020
https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/
Website 
- Mapping 
Inequality: Redlining 
in 
New 
Deal America  
https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=12/40.858/-  73.95&mapview=graded&city=bronx-ny

New 
York 
City 
Zoning 
& Land 
Use 
Map - 
Brooklyn,
 
2020
https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/
Website 
- Mapping 
Inequality: Redlining 
in 
New 
Deal America  
https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=12/40.654/-74.042&mapview=gra  ded&city=brooklyn-ny

New 
York 
City 
Zoning 
& Land 
Use 
Map - Mott 
Haven, 
Bronx,
 
2020
https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/
Website 
- Mapping 
Inequality: Redlining 
in 
New 
Deal America  
https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=12/40.858/-  73.95&mapview=graded&city=bronx-ny

New 
York 
City 
Zoning 
& Land 
Use 
Map - Mott 
Haven, 
Bronx,
 
2020
https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/

Mott 
Haven: 
The Untold
 
Stories
Molly Kinghorn & 
Evan
 
Eden
Starting 
in 2007, long-time 
residents 
of 
Mott 
Haven gave  
their first-hand 
accounts 
about 
growing 
up 
in the 
South  
Bronx in the 
1930s 
through the 
1980s. 
These interviews  
were 
compiled 
for 
the 
Mott 
Haven 
Oral 
History 
Project  created by Amy 
Starecheski 
for 
the 
purpose 
of sharing  
and 
amplifying local
 
stories.
Here 
are 
the stories
 
of:
Norman
 
Davis
Thelma Jackson  Danny
 
Chervoni
Scan 
me 
with your
 
camera!
https://w
ww.y
outube.com/w
at
ch?v=NczZE_p_8Ok&f
ea
ture=youtu.be
Audio 
from 
the Mott 
Haven 
Oral History Project, 
Film 
by 
Molly Kinghorn & 
Evan
 
Eden
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

Aureo 
& 
Libertad 
: 
Mott 
Haven 
Coloring
 
Book
Jessica 
MacPhee & Eric
 
Graber
HE HAS LIVED 
I
N
 
MOTT HAVEN 
FO
R	50  
YEARS!
MEET AUREO
 
CARDONA!
COLORING  
BOOK
Stories 
from 
Mott 
Haven, 
South
 
Bronx
Narratives 
by 
Aureo Cardona 
& Libertad Guerra, 
Represented 
by 
Jessica MacPhee & Eric
 
Graber
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

35
IT
	
WAS
	
LIKE
“
I
	
ALWAYS
	
SAY  HUCKLEBERRY
FINN’S	
ISLAND
BECAUSE THERE WERE MILES AND  MILES AND MILES AND MILES OF  
UNCHARTED 
LAND.”
IT”S NOT 
LIKE 
THIS
 
ANYMORE…
WHEN AUREO WAS A BOY HIS 
FAMILY  
MOVED 
TO THE 
SOUTH BRONX 
TO 
WHERE  HUNT’S POINT IS NOW
 
LOCATED.
UNFORTUNATELY, TODAY THE  
WATERFRONT 
IS GONE 
AND 
KIDS CANNOT  
PLAY HERE
 
ANYMORE.
AUREO
 
WISHES
 
HE
 
COULD
 
SHARE
 
THIS
 
PART  OF 
HIS CHILDHOOD 
WITH 
KIDS
 
TODAY.
“THERE 
WERE 
RABBITS 
AND DUCKS AND  PHEASANTS AND 
THE KIDS 
WOULD 
RUN  
AROUND 
THERE
 
FOREVER.”
Narrative by 
Aureo Cardona,  Represented 
by
Jessica MacPhee & Eric Graber  
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture,  
Rutgers University

76
Daniel (Danny) Chervoni was born in Williamsburg,  Brooklyn in 1956 and moved to Mott Haven in the  mid-1960s.
He grew up playing in the rivers, backyards and  playgrounds of Mott Haven, attending PS 49 and  Alexander Burger Intermediate School, where he  played trombone in the band and worked for the  newspaper.
He currently oversees Friends of Brook Park, 
a  
volunteer program that runs 
a 
community garden  located in Brook
 
Park.
We sat down with Danny one Thursday  afternoon in Brook Park, and got to  listen to his story about his life  in Mott Haven and the story of the  community garden.
MEET DANNY FROM THE
 
BRONX.
A 
NARRATIVE BY CHELSEA KANG AND LYDIA
 
ZOE
Narrative by 
Danny 
Chervoni, 
Represented 
by 
Chelsea 
Kang 
& 
Lydia
 
Zoe
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

77
We used to go to the river and there was 
a 
small swimming
 
area.
We used to fly kites off the rooftops, we used to climb the backyards.  And some homeowners would have 
a 
grapevine or 
a 
pear
 
tree.
They would throw rocks at us and chase us
 
away!
Narrative by 
Danny 
Chervoni, 
Represented 
by 
Chelsea 
Kang 
& 
Lydia
 
Zoe
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

The 
Mott 
Haven 
Waterfront 
Today, 
2019. 
Photos 
by 
Anita
 
Bakshi

Figure
 
3.
MAJOR M ZONE 
INCREASES, 
1961-
 
1998
1990 MEAN 
HOUSEHOLD
 
INCOME
MAJOR
 
MANUFACTURING
 
ZONE
 
CHANGES
 
IN
 
THE
 
BRONX,
 
1961
 
-
 
1998
WITH
 
1990
 
MEAN
 
HOUSEHOLD
 
INCOME,
 
WITHIN
 
1/2
 
MILE
 
OF
 
ZONING
 
CHANGES
Data 
Sources: 
US 
Census 
Bureau, 
1990; 
New 
York 
City Department 
of 
City 
Planning, Map  
Sections
 
1-35,
 
Archival
 
Record
 
of
 
Zoning
 
Map
 
Amendments,
 
1961-1998
-3 
-  
-2 
Std.
 
Dev.
-2 
-  
-1 
Std.
 
Dev.
-1 
- 
0 
Std.
 
Dev.
Bronx 
Mean 
$29,200  
0 
- 
1 
Std.
 
Dev.
-  
2 
Std.
 
Dev.
-  
3 
Std.
 
Dev.
> 3 
Std. 
Dev.  
No
 
Data
Large
 
Increase
Large 
Switch 
to “Heavier” 
M
 
Zone
Very Large 
Switch 
to “Heavier” 
M
 
Zone
MAJOR M ZONE 
DECREASES, 
1961-
 
1998
Large
 
Decrease
Very Large
 
Decrease
Large 
Switch 
to “Lighter” 
M
 
Zone
Bronx 
Parks 
and 
Public
 
Spaces
Maantay, 
Juliana. (2002). Industrial 
Zoning 
Changes in 
New 
York 
City: 
A Case  Study of 
“Expulsive” 
Zoning. 
Projections: 
the Planning 
Journal 
of 
Massachusetts  Institute 
of 
Technology 
(MIT)
. 
63-108.
“Industrial 
areas 
re-zoned to 
increase 
the size 
or  intensity of 
M 
zones 
tended 
to 
have 
populations 
at  
the time 
of 
the 
re-zoning 
that were 
more 
heavily  minority 
and 
poorer 
than borough 
and/or 
city  
averages, and 
often more 
so 
than 
the 
borough 
M  
zone 
average. 
Areas re-zoned to 
decrease 
the size  
or intensity of 
M 
zones 
tended 
to 
have 
populations  
at 
the time 
of 
the 
re-zoning 
that were not 
as 
poor  
or 
as 
heavily minority 
as 
the M 
zone 
average 
and/  
or 
borough 
and 
city 
averages 
(see 
Figure
 
3).”
- 
Juliana
 
Maantay

Narrative by 
Mychal 
Johnson, 
Represented 
by 
Aliya Williams 
& 
David
 
Riguer
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University
57

52
Mychal 
Johnson’s 
SBU
 
Story
Aliya Williams 
& 
David
 
Riguer
Narrative by 
Mychal 
Johnson, 
Represented 
by 
Aliya Williams 
& 
David
 
Riguer
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

58
Narrative by 
Mychal 
Johnson, 
Represented 
by 
Aliya Williams 
& 
David
 
Riguer
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

85
Asthma rates are at its peak, and we as 
a 
commu-  nity need to stand up for ourselves and make 
a  
statement.
If we don’t do anything about  it, we’re gonna end up like  this, carrying oxygen tanks on  our backs.
Narrative by 
Danny 
Chervoni, 
Represented 
by 
Chelsea 
Kang 
& 
Lydia
 
Zoe
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

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Current asthma 
prevalence 
among adults aged 
>
18 
years  
by 
census 
tract, 
New 
York, 
NY,
 
2016
Jenks 
natural 
breaks 
(9 
classes) based  
on 
data 
for all 
500 
cities' 
census 
tracts.  
Legend depicts 
only 
those data classes  
within 
this 
map
 
extent.
Census tracts with 
population 
less  than 
50 
were excluded from the
 
map.
Date:
 
8/7/2018
Percent
 
(%)
5.1 
-
 
7.6
7.7 
-
 
8.5
8.6 
-
 
9.3
9.4 
-
 
10.2
10.3 
-
 
11.2
11.3 
-
 
12.3
12.4 
-
 
13.5
13.6 
-
 
14.8
14.9 
-
 
19.1
City
 
boundary
Classification:
Map created 
by 
CDC/NCCDPHP/DPH/ESB-GIS
Data
 
sources:
CDC 
BRFSS 2016, 
US Census Bureau  2010 Census, 
ACS
 
2012-2016
NY
PA
VA
NC
OH
ME
WV
KY
Page 
343 of
 
500
0
8.
5
4.25
M
i
l
e
s
®
(5/33)
500 Cities Project: Local 
Data for Better Health, 
New 
York, 
NY ,
 
2016
h
ttps://w
ww.cdc
.gov/500cities/index.htm

62
Narrative by 
Mychal 
Johnson, 
Represented 
by 
Aliya Williams 
& 
David
 
Riguer
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

Municipal 
Art 
Society,
 
2007
http://www.englishkillsproject.com/waste-transfer-sites-of-bushwick
Created 
by 
HabitatMap 
in partnership with the 
Organization 
of 
Waterfront
 
Neighborhoods
http://www.englishkillsproject.com/waste-transfer-sites-of-bushwick

o
o
o
o
§
¦
¨
80
§
¨
¦
2
80
§
¨
¦
2
78
§
¦
¨
78
§
¨
¦
2
87
§
¨
¦
4
95
§
¦
¨
87
§
¨
¦
95
¨
¦
§
6
78
§
¨
¦
2
95
§
¦
¨
8
95
£
¤
1
£
¤
9
£
¤
46
U
V
9
07
U
V
4
44
V
U
4
40
U
V
27
U
V
9
08
U
V
25
V
U
21
V
U
9
87
V
U
1
35
U
V
7
00
U
V
3
V
U
24
U
V
9
09
V
U
19
V
U
1
24
U
V
81
V
U
25
U
V
9
87
No 
leisure-time 
physical activity 
among adults aged 
>
18 
years  
by 
census 
tract, 
New 
York, 
NY,
 
2016
Jenks 
natural 
breaks 
(9 
classes) based  
on 
data 
for all 
500 
cities' 
census 
tracts.  
Legend depicts 
only 
those data classes  
within 
this 
map
 
extent.
Census tracts with 
population 
less  than 
50 
were excluded from the
 
map.
Date:
 
9/7/2018
Percent
 
(%)
7.9 
-
 
14.7
14.8 
-
 
18.4
18.5 
-
 
22.0
22.1 
-
 
25.7
25.8 
-
 
29.5
29.6 
-
 
33.4
33.5 
-
 
37.4
37.5 
-
 
42.0
42.1 
-
 
61.3
City
 
boundary
Classification:
Map created 
by 
CDC/NCCDPHP/DPH/ESB-GIS
NY
PA
VA
NC
OH
ME
WV
KY
Page 
343 of
 
500
Data
 
sources:
CDC 
BRFSS 2016, 
US Census Bureau  2010 Census, 
ACS
 
2012-2016.
0
8.
5
4.25
M
i
l
e
s
®
(31/33)
500 Cities Project: Local 
Data for Better Health, 
New 
York, 
NY ,
 
2016
h
ttps://w
ww.cdc
.gov/500cities/index.htm

Infrastructure 
encountered walking 
south 
to 
Mott 
Haven 
Waterfront, 
2019.
Views 
of the Mott 
Haven 
Waterfront, 
2019. 
Photos 
by 
Anita 
Bakshi

79
So how did you end up working at the
 
garden?
I 
started volunteering here 
20 
years
 
ago.
I 
couldn’t work anymore because 
of 
some medical problems 
I 
had.  
So I 
wasn’t going 
to 
work
 
anymore.
And 
I 
was walking my dogs and 
I 
saw some people in the garden. They  were in here planting trees, 
I 
didn’t pay them any mind. And once in  
a 
while 
I 
would walk by and see them planting! So 
I 
thought “yo  that’s cool what they’re doing! Im gonna get
 
involved.”
Image from 
AP
 
Photo
Narrative by 
Danny 
Chervoni, 
Represented 
by 
Chelsea 
Kang 
& 
Lydia
 
Zoe
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

80
And then the parks department came, police department came and they told us  that what we were doing is illegal and 
I 
said we didn’t
 
know.
So we told everybody, ‘listen, put the tools away’ and then like an hour  after they left, we pulled the tools back out and we started doin’ it  again.
This park originally had buildings that were eventually  burnt down and was later half filled with asphalt and then  gated.We used to use the asphalt space as 
a 
labyrinth or  for meditation before we decided that we gotta get rid of  that.
So one day we got 
a 
dumpster, and then we got  volunteers, and 
a 
whole bunch of tools and we started  tearin’ it
 
up.
Narrative by 
Danny 
Chervoni, 
Represented 
by 
Chelsea 
Kang 
& 
Lydia
 
Zoe
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

81
So there’s 
a 
guy, 
a 
beekeeper, so I’m  helping him out with his
 
bees.
And then one day he doesn’t show
 
up...
And then one day he shows up with 
a  
big white pickup truck.He has all  the bee suits, and 
I 
said ‘yeah, now  we’re gonnawork on
 
bees.’
He says, ‘no you’re gonna work on  the bees’.
And here 
I 
am now, making my own
 
honey.
Narrative by 
Danny 
Chervoni, 
Represented 
by 
Chelsea 
Kang 
& 
Lydia
 
Zoe
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

83
Narrative by 
Danny 
Chervoni, 
Represented 
by 
Chelsea 
Kang 
& 
Lydia
 
Zoe
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

MEET
 
LIBERTAD!
SHE HAS LIVED IN MOTT HAVEN FOR 20  YEARS WITH HER HUSBAND MONXO WHO  ALSO HELPED FOUND
 
SBU.
COLORING  
BOOK
Narrative by 
Libertad Guerra, 
Represented 
by 
Jessica MacPhee & Eric
 
Graber
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

84
Narrative by 
Danny 
Chervoni, 
Represented 
by 
Chelsea 
Kang 
& 
Lydia
 
Zoe
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

Brook 
Park, 
2019. 
Photos 
by 
Anita
 
Bakshi
Brook 
Park,
 
2019.
Maria Sola 
Green Space,
 
2019.
Brook 
Park,
 
2019.

“…ITS 
SO 
HISTORICAL… YOU SEE  CHAPTERS OF HISTORY 
BOOKS 
COME TO  
LIFE. 
THERE 
IS 
ALWAYS SOMETHING  
FUNNY HAPPENING. 
A 
LOT OF 
WORKING  
CLASS 
SPIRIT THAT 
IS 
VERY
 
POETIC.”
LIBERTAD 
IS AN ART CURATOR AND  DIRECTOR OF A CULTURAL CENTER. SHE  USES ART AS A MEANS TO SHARE
 
OTHERS  PERSONAL 
STORIES 
WITH THE
 
WORLD.
MONXO	
LOPEZ	
AND	MYCHAL	
JOHNSON  
HAVE 
CREATED 
SOUTH 
BRONX
 
UNITE(SBU),
A	
COMMUNITY
	
LAND
	
TRUS
T
	
WITH
	
A  MISSION TO BRING THE PEOPLE
 
TOGETHER.
 
 
PEOPLE DESERVE TO HAVE THE 
RIGHT  
TO GET 
INVOLVED RATHER THAN
 
JUST  
LEAVING DECISIONS UP TO 
THOSE  
THEY HAVE VOTED 
FOR.
SOMETIMES 
COMMUNITY 
MEMBERS 
GET 
 
TOGETHER 
TO MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT  THEIR
 
NEIGHBORHOOD.
Narrative by 
Libertad Guerra,  
Represented 
by
Jessica MacPhee & Eric Graber  
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture,  
Rutgers University

THE 
HEARTS 
BUILDING 
IS 
PLANNED 
TO BE
 
A  
COMMUNITY CENTER FOR 
PEOPLE 
TO COME  TOGETHER 
AND
 
PARTICIPATE.
Lincoln 
Hosptital 
Building - 
site 
of the 
future 
H.E.A.R.T.S.
 
Building
Photo 
by 
Anita
 
Bakshi
WHAT 
ELSE CAN 
HAPPEN 
IN THE 
HEARTS  
BUILDING?
Narrative by 
Libertad Guerra, 
Represented 
by 
Jessica MacPhee & Eric
 
Graber
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

FEASIBILITY
 
REPORT
349 
E 
140TH 
ST. 
BRONX, NY
 
10454
©BAGCHEE
 
ARCHITECTS
H.
E.
ARTS
H.E.A.R.T.S. 
Feasibility 
Report, 
Prepared by 
South 
Bronx
 
Unite

Alexander Alley 
Park, 
Photos 
by 
Anita
 
Bakshi
Mural on the 
future 
H.E.A.R.T.S.
 
Building
City-owned 
Park 
adjacent 
to 
the 
H.E.A.R.T.S.
 
Building
Future 
Co-housing 
Site 
on 139th
 
Street

Community 
engagement 
events 
with Bagchee  Architects 
to create 
a 
pre-schematic 
design 
proposal.  
The 
pre-schematic 
design 
proposal maintains 
the  functional use and 
core 
architectural criteria developed  through 
the community 
engagement 
process. 
These 
ideas  
were 
developed 
further 
through 
an 
iterative process 
of  design discussions with South 
Bronx Unite 
members and  their 
consultants between 
July 2017 – 
May 
2018 
to 
craft  
this preliminary 
architectural proposal for 
the
 
adaptation
of the 
existing Lincoln 
Detox 
Center 
into 
the 
H.E.ARTS  Community 
Center. 
 
http://bagcheearchitects.com/portfolio/020-hearts/

63
Narrative by 
Mychal 
Johnson, 
Represented 
by 
Aliya Williams 
& 
David
 
Riguer
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University

Native 
American
 
Land
Indian Memorial 
at 
Little Bighorn 
Battlefield 
National 
Monument
 
- 2003	
Water 
Protectors 
at 
Standing 
Rock, 
2016,
 
http://www.honorearth.org/dapl
“They 
glamorized 
the 
whole thing…and 
put 
up 
a 
monument 
that 
isn’t 
us….If 
you 
didn’t 
know about 
our culture,  
you’d 
think this 
memorial 
reflects 
us 
spiritually…They 
just 
Hollywood-ized
 
it.”
Dennis 
King, 
vice 
chairman 
of 
the 
Oglala 
Tribe, 
Memorial 
Mania
,
 
p.354.
“There 
is no 
hint, 
save 
the 
occasional 
button 
left 
at 
the 
Spirit 
Warriors 
sculpture 
reading, 
‘The 
Black 
Hills 
are 
NOT  
FOR 
SALE,’ 
that 
land 
rights 
and 
civil rights 
remain 
key political 
priorities 
for 
contemporary 
Native
 
Americans.”
Erika 
Doss, 
Memorial 
Mania
,
 
p.353.
Doss, Erica, 
2010. 
Memorial 
Mania: 
Public Feeling 
in 
America. 
Chicago 
and 
London: University 
of 
Chicago
 
Press.

Federal 
Laws 
&
 
Policies
1830 
Indian 
Removal
 
Act
1879 
Richard 
Pratt 
opens 
the 
Carlisle 
Industrial 
Indian 
School 
in
 
Pennsylvania
“Kill 
the 
Indian 
in 
him, 
and 
save 
the
 
man.”
1887
 
General 
Allotment 
Act 
/ 
Dawes
 
Act
The 
Act 
authorized 
the president 
to 
survey 
Indian 
land 
and 
divide 
the 
area 
into 
allotments 
for 
individual 
Indians 
and 
families.
 
The  
land
 
sizes
 
varied
 
from
 
40
 
too
 
160
 
acres
 
in
 
size,
 
and
 
“excess”
 
land
 
could
 
be
 sold
 
by
 
the
 
federal
 
government 
to
 
non-Indian
 
settlers.  
60 
million 
acres 
were 
either 
ceded 
or 
sold 
off 
as 
“surplus
 
lands.”
1934 
Indian Reorganization 
Act 
(IRA) 
/ 
Wheeler-Howard
 
Act
In many 
ways, 
this 
legislation 
was 
a 
departure 
from 
previous 
programs 
and 
represented 
a 
positive 
shift 
in 
government 
thinking. 
It  
ended 
the 
official 
policy 
of 
allotment 
and 
allowed 
that 
the 
“surplus 
lands” 
that 
had 
been 
lost
 
to 
be 
returned 
to 
tribes.
1953 
House 
Concurrent Resolution 
108 
(HCR-108) 
& 
Public 
Law
 
280
HCR 
108 
declared 
the intent 
of 
United 
States 
to 
abrogate 
all 
treaties 
that it 
had 
made 
with 
native 
people and 
abolish 
federal  
supervision 
over 
tribes. 
The 
resolution 
called 
for 
the 
immediate 
termination 
[of 
several 
tribes]. 
At 
the 
same 
time, 
public 
Law 
280  
allowed 
a 
number 
of 
states 
to 
assume 
control 
of 
Indian 
Reservations. 
Before 
the 
policy 
was 
officially 
ended 
in 
1966, 
109 
tribes  
had 
been 
terminated 
and 
another 
million 
acres 
of 
Indian 
land 
was
 
lost.
1956 
Indian 
Relocation
 
Act
Relocation 
“encouraged” 
native 
people 
to 
leave 
their 
reservations 
and 
head 
for 
the
 
cities.

“
L
a
n
d 
ha
s 
a
l
w
a
ys 
b
e
en a 
defini
n
g 
e
le
m
e
n
t 
o
f 
A
b
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l 
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
.	
L
a
n
d  
contains 
the 
languages, 
the 
stories, 
and 
the 
histories 
of 
a
 
people.
It 
provides 
water, 
air, 
shelter,
 
and
 
food.	Land 
participates 
in
 
the  
ceremonies 
and
 
the
 
songs.	And land 
is
 
home.
- 
Thomas 
King, 
The 
Inconvenient 
Indian,
 
p.218.
King, 
Thomas 
S., 2012. 
The Inconvenient 
Indian: A 
Curious Account 
of 
Native 
People 
in 
North 
America. 
Canada: Anchor
 
Canada.

Map compiled 
by 
the 
Bureau 
of Indian 
Affairs
 
(BIA)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bia-map-indian-reservations-usa.png
1887 
General 
Alottment 
Act 
/ 
Dawes
 
Act
The 
Act 
authorized 
the president 
to 
survey 
Indian 
land 
and 
divide 
the 
area 
into 
allotments 
for 
individual  
Indians 
and 
families. 
The 
land 
sizes 
varied 
from 
40
 
too 160 
acres 
in 
size, 
and 
“excess” 
land 
could 
be 
sold  
by
 
the
 
federal
 
government
 
to
 
non-Indian
 
settlers.
 
60
 
million
 acres 
were
 
either
 
ceded
 
or
 
sold
 
off
 
as
 
“surplus  
lands.”

South 
Dakota 
Indian 
Reservations 
Boundary
 
Changes
http://faculty.humanities.uci.edu/tcthorne/Hist15/dawesimpact.html
Map of the Indian and Oklahoma 
territories, 
Rand McNally and 
Company,
 
1892  
Library of 
Congress 
Geography 
and Map Division 
Washington, 
D.C. 
20540-4650 dcu 
 
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4021e.ct000224
1887	138 
million
 
acres
1932	48 
million
 
acres

Pocket 
map of Bennett 
County, 
South 
Dakota, 
including 
that 
part 
of the Pine Ridge Indian 
Reservation 
soon 
to 
be opened 
for free homestead settlement,
 
1910
Library of 
Congress 
Geography 
and Map Division 
Washington, 
D.C. 
20540-4650 USA dcu 
 
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4183b.la002019

Indian Land 
For 
Sale,
 
1911
Library of 
Congress 
Portfolio 
240, 
no. 
24  
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbpe.24002400.1
Grand Rush 
for 
the Indian
 
Territory
https://iltf.org/land-issues/history/
Grand Rush 
for 
the Indian
 
Territory
Santa Cruz 
Evening
 
News  Santa Cruz,
 
California
27 Jun 1917, 
Wed 
• 
Page 
8  
h
ttps://w
ww
.newspapers
.com/  
clip/9398026/19170627-indian-land-sal
e
-
a
t-  casino/

Cherokee Nation, 
Indian 
Territory 
Map 
Co., 
[Muskogee, 
Okla.] : Indian 
Territory 
Map 
Co., 
1909.  
Library of 
Congress 
Geography 
and Map Division 
Washington, 
D.C. 
20540-4650 USA dcu  
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4021gm.gla00497

William 
P. 
Rogers’ Application 
for 
Allotment and
 
Homestead
National 
Archives 
and 
Records 
Administration, 
Records 
of the 
Bureau 
of Indian 
Affairs  
Record 
Group
 
75
h
ttps://w
ww.ar
chiv
es
.gov/education/lessons/fed-indian-policy
Testimony 
of Clement 
V. 
Rogers, 
October 22,
 
1900
National 
Archives 
and 
Records 
Administration, 
Records 
of the 
Bureau 
of Indian 
Affairs  
Record 
Group
 
75
h
ttps://w
ww.ar
chiv
es
.gov/education/lessons/fed-indian-policy

1879	
Carlisle 
Industrial 
Indian
 
School
Location 
of Indian 
Boarding 
School 
Throughout 
the 
United States
Source: United 
States 
Office 
Of 
Indian 
Affairs, 
and 
T. 
J 
Morgan. 
Map 
showing 
Indian 
reservations 
within the limits of the 
United  
States. Washington, 
D.C.: 
Office of Indian 
Affairs,
 
1892.
Map. 
Retrieved 
from 
the Library of 
Congress,
 
h
ttps://w
ww.loc
.gov/item/2009579467/.
Names of Indian 
Boarding 
Schools added 
by 
the 
Carlisle 
Indian School Digital 
Resource 
Center 
at 
Dickinson 
College. 
 
http://carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/additional-resources/location-indian-boarding-school-throughout-united-states
Student body assembled on the Carlisle Indian School
 
Grounds.  Photo 
courtesy of 
Carlisle
-w
w
w.army.mil 
 
https://home.epix.net/~landis/histry.html

The 
Carlisle Indian School Project  
https://carlisleindianschoolproject.com/#:~:text=Carlisle%20Indian%20Industrial%20School%20  in,Indian%2C%20Save%20the%20Man.%E2%80%9D

1953	
House 
Concurrent 
Resolution 
108 
(HCR-108) 
& 
Public 
Law
 
280
Map of PL
 
280
http://sai-dc.com/cops-pl280/
HCR 
108 
declared 
the intent 
of 
United 
States 
to 
abrogate 
all 
treaties 
that it 
had 
made 
with 
native 
people  and 
abolish 
federal 
supervision 
over 
tribes. 
The 
resolution 
called 
for 
the 
immediate 
termination 
[of 
several  
tribes].
 
At
 
the
 
same
 
time,
 
public
 
Law
 
280
 
allowed
 
a
 
number
 
of
 
states
 
to
 
assume
 
control
 
of
 
Indian
 
Reservations.  
Before 
the 
policy 
was 
officially 
ended 
in 
1966, 
109 
tribes 
had 
been 
terminated 
and 
another 
million 
acres  
of 
Indian 
land 
was
 
lost.

Menominee Indian 
Reservation 
- 
Forest 
Cover 
Types 
and Management
 
Compartments
h
ttps://w
ww
.americ
anfor
ests.org/magazine/article/menominee-forest-keepers/
From 
the 1950s 
into 
the 1970s, the  
Menominee 
people 
faced further 
threats  
when the 
federal 
government 
terminated 
the  
reservation as 
a 
way 
to 
promote 
assimilation  
of 
the 
tribe 
into 
the 
mainstream
 
culture.
The 
reservation 
became a 
county, 
and 
to  
raise funds 
for 
infrastructure, 
the 
tribe  
was 
forced 
to 
sell parts 
of 
their 
ancestral  
lands to 
developers. 
During this 
period,  
the 
Menominee 
felt 
that 
they 
were 
losing  
their 
culture 
and vigorously protested  
the 
policy. 
In 
1973, 
Congress 
ended
 
the
disastrous 
experiment with 
the 
passage 
of 
the  
Menominee Restoration Act, 
which 
restored  Menominee 
lands to 
reservation
 
status.
h
ttps://w
ww
.americ
anfor
ests.org/magazine/article/menominee-forest-keepers/

1956	
Indian 
Relocation
 
Act
Field 
Office
 Poster-Chicagoland
Chicago Field 
Office 
Employment Assistance Case 
Files, 
1952-1960,  
Record 
Group 
75, 
Records 
of the 
Bureau 
of Indian 
Affairs.  
h
ttps://w
ww.ar
chiv
es
.gov/education/lessons/indian-relocation.html
Suburban
 
Poster
Chicago Field 
Office 
Employment Assistance Case 
Files, 
1952-1960,  
Record 
Group 
75, 
Records 
of the 
Bureau 
of Indian 
Affairs.  
h
ttps://w
ww.ar
chiv
es
.gov/education/lessons/indian-relocation.html

Superfund 
Sites 
& 
Food
 
Sovereignty
“Food 
sovereignty 
is 
the 
right 
of 
peoples 
to healthy 
and 
culturally  
appropriate 
food 
produced through 
ecologically 
sound 
and  
sustainable 
methods, 
and 
their 
right 
to 
define 
their 
own 
food 
and  
agriculture systems. 
It 
puts 
the 
aspirations and 
needs 
of 
those  who 
produce, 
distribute 
and consume 
food 
at 
the 
heart 
of 
food  
systems 
and 
policies 
rather than 
the 
demands 
of 
markets 
and  
corporations.”
– 
Declaration 
of
 
Nyéléni,
The 
First 
Global 
Forum on 
Food 
Sovereignty, 
Mali,
 
2007
https://nyeleni.org/DOWNLOADS/Nyelni_EN.pdf

A pile of American bison 
skulls 
in the
 
mid-1870s
h
ttps://w
ww
.smithsonianmag
.c
om/hist
or
y/wher
e
-the-buffalo-no-longer-roamed-3067904/

“Although
 
Superfund
 
was
 
intended
 
to
 
allow
 
government
 
to
 
act
 
independently
 
on
 
contaminated
 
sites,
 
in
 
fact,
 
the
 
paucity  
of funding and the complexity of governmental 
involvement 
has meant massive 
delay 
and the reliance on 
potentially  
responsible 
parties (PRPs) 
to conduct 
studies 
and 
develop 
remedies. This pattern raises 
what should 
be obvious 
issues  
of 
vested interests where 
consultants 
paid 
by the PRPs do the key 
work with 
minimal 
independent 
oversight, 
quality  control 
and corroborative information. The process commonly 
fails 
to provide affected residents 
with 
a trusted measure  of exposure, 
any 
consequences, and the 
best
 
protective
 
actions.”	- 
Michael 
Edelstein 
(2004
 
p.187)
Inspection
 
of  the
 
Site
Study 
of  Remedial
 
Options  &
 
Feasibility
Record 
of
 
Decision
National  Priorities
 
List
Remediation
 
Begins
sup
 
•
 
e
r 
• 
fund
	
site
the
 
process
Evaluation &
 
Scoring
(noun) any land in 
the United 
States 
that has 
been 
contaminated by 
hazardous waste  
and 
identified 
by the 
EPA 
as 
a candidate for cleanup 
because it poses 
a 
risk 
to human  health
 
and/or
 
the
 
environment.
 
These
 
sites
 
are
 
placed
 
on
 
the
 
National
 
Priorities
 
List
 
(NPL).  
The
 
Superfund
 
program
 
was
 
created
 
through
 
legislation
 
in
 
1980,
 
via
 
the
 
Comprehensive  Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 
(CERCLA). Several important  
changes 
were 
made to the 
Superfund 
program through the 
1986 
Amendments 
and  
Reauthorization Act 
(SARA). Since 2001 
the program has 
suffered 
from 
underfunding,  
and most of the money for cleanup now comes from tax 
payers 
and 
potentially  
responsible 
parties
 
(PRPs).
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories
, 
2019 
p.52. 
Drawing 
by Edwin 
Gano, 
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.
Bakshi, Anita, 
ed., 
2019.
 
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories: Excavating Subterranean Histories 
of 
Ringwood 
Mines and the 
Ramapough 
Lunaape 
Nation
, 
North 
Brunswick, 
NJ: 
NJ 
Council 
for the 
Humanities.

SUPERFUND 
SITES 
ACROSS THE
 
USA
In 2005, 
the Dearborn, Michigan 
landfill 
stopped accepting 
contaminated  
waste 
from the Ringwood 
Superfund 
Site because it 
was considered 
still  
too contaminated 
after 
going through the 
intiial decontamination 
process.  
Instead, 
the 
waste 
went to a 
site in
 
Canada.
EPA 
Solutions 
for the Ringwood 
Superfund
 
Site:
Engineered
 
Cap
Consolidate (On
 
Site)
Cover
 
Soil
Wetland
 
Restoration
SOURCES:
htt
ps://w
ww.nj
.com/news/index.ssf/2017/04/the_most_toxic_sites_in_ 
 each_new_jersey_county.html
htt
ps://w
ww.ep
a.gov/superfund/search-superfund-sites-where-you-live
Institutional
 
Control
Groundwater
 
Monitoring
Pumping
Recycling
 
Offsite
Engineered
 
Control
Revegetation
Excavation
Disposal
 
Offsite
Subtitle 
C 
Hazardous 
Waste
 
Landfill
Hazardous 
Waste 
Landfill 
(Dearborn,
 
MI)
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories
, 
2019 
p.54. 
Drawing 
by Edwin 
Gano, 
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.

“For 
Native 
people, 
pollution 
problems 
also 
result 
in 
lost 
relationships 
with 
the  
natural world, 
something 
that 
can only 
be 
likened
 
to
 
mourning.	
The 
people  actually 
mourn 
the 
loss 
of 
the
 
natural
 
world.	
At 
the 
same 
time 
though, 
the  
ecosystem 
mourns 
the 
loss 
of 
the 
Mohawk 
people, 
communities 
that 
have  
always 
worked 
to 
maintain 
a 
balance 
and 
restrict 
human 
activity 
to 
ensure 
the  
survival all 
species.	
The 
loss 
of 
place, 
relationships and 
balance 
can 
be 
culturally  
devastating.”
- 
Akwesasne 
Task 
Force 
on 
the 
Environment 
Research 
Advisory
 
Committee
(Quoted 
in 
Hoover, 
2017
 
p.26)
Hoover, 
Elizabeth, 
2017. 
The 
River 
is in 
Us: Fighting 
Toxics 
in a 
Mohawk 
Community. 
Minneapolis & 
London: University 
of Minnesota
 
Press.

Fishing 
Advisory Sign along the 
St. Lawrence
 
River
h
ttps://w
ww
.alban
y
.edu/news/74760.php
Map of the 
Mohawk Nation 
at
 
Akwesasne
Environmental 
Health Perspectives  
h
ttps://
w
w
w
.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
o
v/pmc/a
r
ticles/PMC1253751/figu
r
e/f1
-
ehp0113-000272/

We 
Are 
Planting Good Seeds Sign  
https://gardenwarriorsgoodseeds.com/2014/05/23/kanenhiio-ionkwaien-  
thonhakie-we-are-planting-good-seeds-akwesasne-mohawk-territory/
Photograph 
by 
Elizabeth 
Hoover, 
2014  
https://gardenwarriorsgoodseeds.com/2014/05/23/kanenhiio-ionkwaienthonhakie-  we-are-planting-good-seeds-akwesasne-mohawk-territory/
Kanenhi:io IoImagenkwaienthon:hakie 
(Mohawk 
for  
“We 
Are 
Planting 
Good 
Seeds”) 
is 
a 
collective 
of 
farmers,  
educators, and entrepreneurs 
in the 
Akwesasne 
Mohawk  
community, 
located 
on 
the 
borders 
of New 
York, 
Ontario,  
and 
Quebec. 
In 
2007 the 
group 
received 
a 
grant from
 
Heifer
International, 
which funded the 
construction 
of 
a 
community  
greenhouse, 
garden, 
and 
cannery; 
as well as individual 
projects  
at 
members 
homes, including laying hens 
and
 
pigs.

Saint Regis 
Mohawk
 
Tribe
Environment
 
Division
AKWESASNE
FAMILY
 
GUIDE
TO 
EATING 
LOCALLY-  
CAUGHT
 
FISH
We 
turn our 
minds 
to 
all 
the
 
Fish  that gave themselves to
 
us
as 
food 
and send 
our
 
greetings
and 
thanks that they 
continue 
to do
 
so...
Pullout  Map  Inside!
Up to 8  portions
 
a 
 
month
Up to 4  portions
 
a 
 
month
Up to 1  portion
 
a 
 
month
Do
 
Not  
Eat
Advice 
for 
the Entire
 
Family
Best Choice  
for
 
Everyone 
 
to
 
Eat
Brown 
Trout  
(from smaller
 
streams)
Chinook
 
Salmon
Coho
 
Salmon
Brown
 
Trout	
Largemouth 
Bass  (from St. Lawrence River) 
smaller
 than
 
18”
Rainbow
 
Trout
Smallmouth
 
Bass
smaller
 than
 
18”
Walleye
larger
 
than
 
18”
White
 
Sucker
C
arp
Brook
 
Trout
Rock
 
Bass
Pumpkinseed/Sunfish
Walleye
smaller
 than
 
18”
Yellow
 
Perch
Black
 
Crappie
Blue
g
ill
Brown
 
Bullhead
American
 
eel
Northern
 
Pike
Channel
 
Catfish
Muskellunge
Largemouth
 
Bass
larger
 
than
 
18”
Smallmouth
 
Bass
larger
 
than
 
18”
Lake
 
Sturgeon
A
void
OR
OR
Eat  
Fish
Choose
Wisely
Family 
Guide 
to 
Eating 
Locally-Caught 
Fish, 
Saint 
Regis Mohawk 
Tribe 
Environment
 
Division
https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/srmt_fishadvisory_webfinal.pdf

h
ttps://w
ww
.eomega.or
g/ar
ticle/food-healing-at-nativ
e
-american-seed-sanctuary

https://americanindian.si.edu/environment/akwesasne/GetStarted.cshtml

https://americanindian.si.edu/environment/ojibwe/GetStarted.cshtml

Stories 
from 
the 
Ramapough 
Lunaape 
Turtle 
Clan, 
Ringwood,
 NJ
Anita Bakshi,
 
Editor
Our 
Land, 
Our
 
Stories
Excavating Subterranean 
Histories 
of 
Ringwood 
Mines 
and 
the 
Ramapough Lunaape
 
Nation
Bakshi, Anita, 
ed., 
2019. 
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories: Excavating Subterranean Histories 
of 
Ringwood  
Mines
 
and
 
the
 
Ramapough
 
Lunaape
 
Nation
,
 
North
 
Brunswick,
 
NJ:
 
NJ
 
Council
 
for
 
the
 
Humanities.  
http://landarch.rutgers.edu/documents/Our-Land-Our-Stories.pdf

Rutgers  
Landscape  Architecture  
Design
 
Studio
Community  
Meetings  Book
 
Project
“You 
all need 
to  
have 
the 
vision of  
my 
eyes 
to tell the  story.	This, right  
here, 
should
 
change  and affect you 
for  the rest 
of your
 
life.”
-
 
Chief
 
Vincent  
Mann,
 
Ramapough
Turtle
 
Clan
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories,
 
2019

New Jersey has 
more 
Superfund 
sites 
than 
any 
other 
state in 
the nation. As  of
 
2017,
 
federal
 
data
 
showed
 
that
 
New
 
Jersey
 
has
 
115
 
active
 
Superfund
 
sites  as well as 35 additional sites 
that have 
been 
removed 
from 
the 
program.  
The NJDEP 
lists 
over 
10,000 
other 
active sites with 
confirmed contamination,  
in addition 
to 
Superfund 
sites.
htt
ps://w
ww.st
ate.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/
Superfund
 
Site
Laundry  
Services
Dumping
 
Site
Paper
 
Mill
Steel
&
 
Metalworks
A
r
med  
Forces
Chemical
Plexiglass
T
rucking
Paint
Electrical
Fa
r
m
Gas
Incineration
Motorvehicle
Masonry
Ae
r
osole
Cosmetic
SUPERFUND SITES 
IN NEW JERSEY
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories
, 
2019. 
Drawing 
by Edwin 
Gano, 
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.

“You 
know, 
we’re talking 
about 
a
 
big  corporation
, 
right in 
our 
backyard
,  
that 
gave hope and promise 
that 
one  day 
we’d be a 
Garden 
of Eden. But  it 
turned 
around and 
just 
became 
a  
cemetery
.”
- Wayne Mann,
 
Ramapough
sup • er •
 
fund
site
(noun) 
any land 
in the  United 
States 
that has 
been  
contaminated 
by hazardous  
waste
 
and
 
identified
 
by
 
the
 
EPA  
as a candidate for cleanup  
because
 
it
 
poses
 
a
 
risk
 
to
 
human  health
 
and/or
 
theenvironment.  
These 
sites are placed 
on the  
National Priorities List
 
(NPL).
R
I
N
G
W
O
O
D
C
R
E
E
K
M
I
L
L
P
O
N
D
R
I
N
G
W
O
O
D
M
a
r
g
a
r
e
t
K
i
n
g
A
v
e
P
e
t
e
r
s
’
 
Min
e  R
d
C
a
n
n
o
n
M
i
n
e
R
d
V
a
n
D
u
c
k
R
d
o  
s  
k  y
D          
 
D  
r
B
o
r
o
P
k
w
y
F
ar
m
 
R
d
M
o
r
r
i
s
R
d
S
l
o
a  
t
 
s
b  u  
r  
g
R  d
M
a  n  o  
r  
R  d
M
a
n
o
r
S
l
o
a
t
s
b
u
r
g
R  d
PETER 
’ 
S
 
MINE
 
COMMUNITY
 
CANNON 
MINE  
COMMUNITY
 
RINGWOOD  
MANOR
 
RINGWOOD
 
STATE 
P
 
ARK
 
1/4
 
MI
1/2
 
MI
1
 
MI
QUEENS
 
MANHATTAN
 
G
a
r
d
e
n
S
t
a
t
e
P
a
r
k
w
a
y
2
8
7
H
U
D
S
O
N
R
I
V
E
R
RINGWOO
D 
 
SUPERFUND  
SITE
 
BRONX
 
YONKERS
 
NEW
 
ARK
 
A
T
L
A
N
T
I
C
O
C
E
A
N
MAHWAH
 
( 
FORMER 
FORD 
PLANT  
LOCATION
 
)
N 
E 
W
 Y 
O 
R K
C
 
O
 
N
 
N
 
E
 
C
 
T
 
I
 
C
 
U
 
T
N 
E 
W
 
Y
N
 
E
 
W
 J
 
E
 
R
 
S
 
E
O
 
R
 
K
Y
0
 
MI
10
 
MI
20
 
MI
Ringwood, 
New Jersey
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories
, 
2019. 
Drawings 
by 
Jenna Schneck, Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.

1764
1861
1900
1942
1980
1955
TIMELINE
1764 
Peter Hasenclever purchases 
the 
Ringwood 
Ironworks
 
estate
1807 
Martin 
Ryerson purchases 
Canon
 
Mine
“The men 
in 
the mines 
wore 
high 
leather boots which 
cost 
about 
$3 
and lasted about 
a 
year 
of rough, 
wet  wear. It was 
not uncommon for the miners to 
stand 
knee-deep 
in water when 
the 
pumps 
failed to clear the  mine 
floor” (Ransom, 2011
 
p.227).
1853 
Hewitt 
(Trenton 
Iron 
Company) 
purchases 
the mines 
for 
Peter
 
Cooper
The 
amount 
of ore that had 
been 
mined on this 
property prior 
to this 
date is 
estimated at 
between 300,000  
to 
500,000 
tons, 
and 
much more remained 
in 
the
 
ground.
“None
 
of
 
the
 
ponds
 
in
 
front
 
of
 
the
 
manor
 
house
 
were
 
in
 
existence
 
when
 
the
 
Hewitts  
moved
 
to
 
Ringwood...The
 
large
 
pond,
 
now
 
in
 
front
 
of
 
the
 
house,
 
was
 
created
 
about
1895…” (Ransom, 2011pp.
 
59-60)
.
1861 Civil War
 
Begins
In late 1861 
an order 
arrived 
for gun carriages to 
support
 
mortars:
“I am told that 
you 
can do things 
which 
other men 
declare 
to be 
impossible. General Grant is 
at Cairo,  ready to 
start 
on his movement to capture Fort 
Henry and 
Fort 
Donelson. 
He has the necessary troops 
and  
equipment, 
including 
thirty mortars, 
but 
the mortar-beds 
are lacking. 
The Chief of 
Ordnance informs 
me that  nine months 
will 
be required to 
build 
the mortar-beds, 
which 
must be 
very 
heavy 
in 
order to carry 
13-inch  
mortars now used for the 
first 
time. I 
appeal 
to 
you 
to have these mortar-beds 
built within 
30 
days, because  
otherwise the 
waters will 
fall 
and 
the expedition cannot 
proceed. 
Telegraph 
what you 
can
 
do.”
-
 
A.Lincoln
1900 Peters Mine 
actively 
worked 
until it 
was 
abandoned 
in
 
1931
1900
- 
The 
Wanaque 
Reservoir 
is
 
created
The Wanaque River 
was dammed 
to create the 
6-mile long 
reservoir.
 
The
town of 
Boardsvillve was 
flooded 
and several 
cemeteries 
were
 
removed.
1915 
Steel and 
concrete hoisting 
tower 
was 
erected at 
Canon
 
Mine
1942 
The 
Defense 
Plant Corporation 
bought 
the
 
Mines
Thinking that 
iron 
ore could 
play 
a 
valuable 
role 
in 
World War 
II. 
The Allan Wood 
Steel 
Company 
was 
given a  contract
 
to
 
dewater
 
and
 
recondition
 
the
 
Peters
 
and
 
Cannon
 
Mines.
 
Old
 
buildings
 
from
 
the
 
time
 
of
 
the
 
Hewitts  were
 
razed
 
and
 
new
 
buildings
 
were
 
erected.
 
“On
 
September
 
8,
 
1944,
 
the
 
government
 
superintendent
 
at
 
the
mine
 
revealed
 
that
 
there
 
were
 
17
 
levels
 
in
 
the
 
mine,
 
that
 
the
 
shaft
 
went
 
down
 
2,400
 
feet
 
on
 
an
 
incline,
 
and
that the 
bottom 
of the mine 
was 
then 
1,800 
feet 
below 
ground.” 
(Ibid.,
 
p.263).
1945 
The mines were transferred to the 
War Assets
 
Administration
1955 Ford Motor Company plant 
opens 
in
 
Mahwah
1955 
The 
government 
seized the 
property 
from Ringwood 
Iron 
Mines,
 
Inc.
“At
 
one
 
time
 
the
 
mine
 
was 
considered
 
for
 
use
 
as
 
a
 
storage
 
warehouse, 
the
 
ninth
 
level 
consisting
 
of
 
a
 
cavern
that
 
could
 
provide
 
as
 
much
 
as
 
14,000
 
square
 
feet,
 
with
 
1000
 
feet
 
of
 
solid
 
protection
 
overhead”
 
(Ibid.,
 
p.268).
1958 
Pittsburgh Pacific 
Company 
purchases 
mines 
at
 
auction
1965- 
Ringwood 
Realty Corp. 
(a former Ford Motor 
Company 
subsidiary)  
purchases 
the mines and 
adjoining
 
properties
1980 Ford plant
 
closes
Robert 
Erskine served as surveyor 
under General  
George 
Washington during the Revolutionary War.  
He 
operated the 
Ringwood Iron 
Works 
and 
they  
became important suppliers 
of 
iron products 
to the  Continental 
Army including a boom made 
for the  
Hudson 
River to 
stop British
 Ships.
Peter 
Cooper purchased 
the 
Ringwood Iron 
Works 
 
in 1853. Abram Hewitt served as 
the 
secretary 
and  
business
 
manager
 
for
 
Peter
 
Cooper,
 
and
 
married
 
his  daughter
 
Amelia.
Ford Motor 
Company  
ran the nearby 
plant in  Mahwah, NJ 
from 
1955  
to 
1980, providing jobs  
for 
many Ringwood  
residents. The 
plant
 
was  
the 
largest 
of 
its 
kind
 
in
the nation during 
its
 
years
of production.  
(Photograph 
of “Aerial  
view 
of the 
plant
 
nearing  completion” from  
O’Brien, 2010
 
p.25)
Peter 
Hasenclever  purchased 
the  
Ringwood Ironworks  Estate on in 1764. 
He  
built 
the Long 
Pond  Ironworks in 1766 
and  
opened a 
total of  fifty-three
 
mines
 
in
 
the
surrounding area
 
over
his 
years in 
business.  
(Image 
from Ransom,  
2011 
p.16)
Abram Hewitt built 
the  
present Ringwood Manor  on 
the 
site 
of the first  
manor 
that 
was built 
for  
Hasenclever. In 1938,
 
the
house, 
including its
 
contents,
and 
the 
property 
were  
donated by 
the 
Hewitt  
family to the State of 
New  
Jersey to 
serve as a museum  and a state
 park.
Peters Mine 
was 
the 
longest 
running mine of the  group of 
Ringwood 
Mines. It 
was 
first worked 
in  
the 
1740s and was 
operated until 
1954. During  
World 
War 
II the Peters Mine ore 
processing plant  
replaced the old 
processing plant buildings.  
(Image: 
Peters 
Iron 
Mine, 
Ringwood Boro, 
Passaic  County, 
by 
Meredith 
E. 
Johnson, September
 
1947)
Painting 
named “Ramapo 
Mountain 
Man”  
depicting John 
Van
 
Dunk.
(Painting
 
by
 
Barbra
 
Van
 
Der
 
Sluys,
 
in
 
Lenik,
 
2011)
Abram Hewitt had  
the current
 
Ringwood
Manor built, in part, 
by  
Ramapough
 
Indians.
Workers 
at 
the Furnaces of the
 
Ringwood  Iron 
Works 
including many Ramapough  
Native Americans. 
(Image
 
adapted
from “Diagram of 
a 
Furnace” from
 
from
Ransom, 
2011 
p.8)
Many Ramapough 
Native Americans  worked 
at 
the Ford 
plant in 
nearby  
Mahwah, NJ 
during 
its years 
of  
production. 
Ford Motor 
Company 
used  
land owned by 
the 
Borough 
of 
Ringwood  as a dumping site 
for the 
plant’s 
toxic  waste from 
1967 
to 
1971. 
The 
land 
that  
was dumped on was home 
to the  
Ramapough.
Miners 
at 
Peters Mine circa 
1925. Much 
of the work  force 
at 
the 
Ringwood Iron 
Works during this time  
included local
 
Ramapough.
(Image 
from Ransom, 
2011 
p.261)
List of 
names 
of 
Ramapo 
Mountain  People 
on 
the 
payroll 
for the 
Ringwood  
Furnace 
in 1869. 
(Table 
from Cohen,  
1964 
p.55)
T
O
L
D
UN
T
O
LD
TOLD & UNTOLD History Maps by Erika
 
Schellinck
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories
, 
2019.  
Drawings 
by 
Erika 
Schellink,  Department of 
Landscape  
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.

1984
1994
2004
2006
1982 
EPA 
test results 
show heavy metals in 
ground 
and surface
 
water
1983 
EPA 
places 
the 
site 
on the 
National 
Priorities 
List
 
(NPL)
Ford 
identified 
four 
areas 
for 
potential 
remediation; three were 
designated disposal areas 
and the fourth  was 
suspected 
due to 
lack 
of 
vegetation during preliminary site survey. EPA’s Environmental 
Photographic  
Interpretation 
Center 
issued analysis 
to 
support site investigation, 
but EPA 
site 
managers did not take  advantage of 
aerial photography, 
and could only 
speculate 
about 
locations 
of 
potential disposal sites.  
EPA requested 
information. 
Ford 
submitted incomplete 
documents and did not 
submit 
required 
information  
about hazardous 
substances disposed. 
EPA did not follow 
up 
or
 
enforce.
1984 
EPA 
identified 
Ford 
as 
a 
potential 
liable party 
for 
site
 
contamination
1984 
Ford 
conducts initial 
site
 
investigation
1987 
EPA asked Ford to 
assess risk associated 
with
 
contamination
1988 
EPA issued 
a 
record 
of decision
 
(ROD)
ROD 
provides 
a 
long-term 
monitoring 
program. 
EPA 
believed 
Ford 
had 
complied 
with 
orders to 
remove 
all  
contaminants and 
issued 
a 
“no further 
action 
remedy,” which 
included 
a 
monitoring 
program.
1989 
EPA instructed Ford to 
perform 
long-term
 
monitoring
The 
first 
year 
yielded acceptable 
test results. EPA and Ford agreed to reduce 
number 
of 
wells 
tested and  
substances/chemicals 
tested for 
in potable 
and ground 
water. 
Ford 
discontinued surface 
water monitoring  because 
no 
pollutants 
exceeded 
acceptable levels. 
EPA
 
approved.
1990 
Ford 
removed 
an 
additional 
600 
cubic yards of
 
waste
1993 
EPA 
published 
a 
Notice 
of Intent of Deletion 
from the
 
NPL
Detection 
of contaminants 
in 
ground water was 
sporadic 
and 
inconsistent, 
and 
no 
contamination was  
detected 
migrating from the 
site. 
There are 
no 
records 
showing 
EPA notified 
public 
of 
intention 
to
 
delist
and 
no 
30 day 
public 
comment
 
period.
1994 
EPA 
deleted 
the Site 
from 
the
 
NPL
1998 
EPA conducted 
its first 
5-year 
review 
for the
 
Site
They did not notify the community of the review or 
its 
results. EPA concluded the 
site 
was “protective of  
human 
health and the
 
environment.”
2001 
Ford released 
its 
final 
long-term monitoring
 
report
They
 
recommended
 
discontinuing
 
the
 
monitoring
 
program.
 
Sample
 
results
 
from
 
wells
 
that
 
showed
 
sporadic  levels 
of 
arsenic 
and lead above 
acceptable levels 
between 
1990-1995 
were tested again and 
levels were  
shown to be “protective of 
human 
health and the
 
environment.”
2003 
EPA issued an 
addendum 
to the 
1998 5-Year
 
Review
2004 Renewed interest 
in the
 
site
Ford 
initiated 
removal 
actions in 
December and 
removed 
over 
24,000 
tons of 
waste. 
Due to 
renewed  
interest in 
the 
site, 
Ford turned over documents not 
included during 
the 
initial 
request of
 
1983.
2005 
Toxic 
Legacy 
Series 
is published 
in 
The
 
Record
2005 
EPA issued 
orders 
to Ford and the 
Borough 
for further Site
 
Investigation
2006 
EPA 
restored the Site to the
 
NPL
SITE  
INSPECTION
REMEDIATION
NPL
STUDY
 
OF  REMEDIAL  OPTIONS
NPL
TIMELINE
1
1
9
979
 
7
Site
 
9
Discovery
ROD
“In1969alone...theMahwah
 
factorygenerated  
84,000 cubic yards of 
waste, including 
1.3  
million 
gallons of paint 
sludge. That’s 
enough  
waste to 
fill 25 
Olympic swimming
 
pools.”
- Jan 
Barry, Reporter 
for 
The
 
Record
“The 
chemical cocktail 
that makes 
up 
Ford  Motor
 
Company
 
paint
 
sludge
 
is
 
a
 
20th
 
century  
wonder,
 
a
 
new
 
compound
 
that
 
in
 
some
 
ways  
defies 
reason, for 
even 
the 
volatile organic  chemicals
 
(VOCs)
 
that
 
ought
 
to
 
have
 
long
 
ago  dissipated 
when 
exposed 
to the 
air 
remain  trapped inside the 
hardened 
sludge, waiting  to release 
gas as 
much 
as fifty years
 
later.”
- Chuck 
Stead, PhD Environmental
 
Studies

Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2nd 
Edition
,
 
2021.
Narrative by 
Wayne
 
Mann.
Drawing 
by 
Jessica MacPhee & Diana 
Randjelovic.  
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.
1.
4
 DIOXAN
E
NJDE
P
P
ETER’S
 
MINE
PAI
NT
 
SLUDGE
CARCINOGEN
S
ACC
ETON
E
PCBs
,
DEHP
,
TCD
D
O’CONNE
R
LANDFIL
L
I
 
got
 
a
 
couple
 
little
 
papers
 
that
 
I
 
read
 
from
 
the
superfund site when it 
was 
originally put on, 
in  ‘84, 
and 
I’m in 
shock
. 
I’m 
like, 
“Oh 
my 
God, this  
can’t
 
really
 
be
 
where
 
we
 
live.”
 
The
 
more
 
I
 
read,
 
the
more
 
it
 
hurt,
 
the
 
more
 
upset
 
I
 
got,
 
but
 
the
 
more
my 
brain opened 
to 
knowledge, like 
a
 
sponge.
So,
 
the
 
first
 
couple
 
year
 
I
 
was
 
still
 
learning
 
phase.
So 
probably 
by 
2003-2004, I 
had read hundreds 
if
 
not
thousands 
of documents. And 
now 
I understand,
 
and
I started 
putting 
the 
puzzle pieces together.
 
This 
was
not 
normal. 
And 
I started learning 
about
 
chemicals,
I started learning from 
scientists, 
I started
 
learning
from 
lawyers and 
doctors 
and 
nurses. 
So 
that’s 
when I  started learning 
about 
how 
chemicals 
cause
 
problems.
“
”
“

“Residents 
continued 
to discover 
paint 
sludge 
at 
the 
Site 
after 
EPA  
deleted 
it from 
the 
NPL
 
in
 
1994.	
These 
discoveries 
were 
because 
EPA  
did 
not ensure that 
Ford’s 
initial 
Site investigation 
was 
comprehensive.  
During the 
initial 
investigation, 
EPA 
could 
have 
ensured 
that 
Ford  
conducted 
a 
more comprehensive 
survey 
of 
the 
500-acre 
Site and 
made  better 
use 
of
 
aerial
 
photographs.	
In 
addition, 
EPA 
itself could 
have  
conducted 
a 
more 
thorough search 
for 
records involving 
waste 
disposal  
activities 
at 
the 
Site 
by 
enforcing 
disclosure 
requirements on
 
Ford.”
- 
EPA 
Limited 
Investigation 
Led 
to 
Missed 
Contamination 
at 
Ringwood  
Superfund 
Site,
 2007

“We 
could probably  
makea
 
donation
 
to
 
How-  
To
 
Inc.,
 
sooner
 
with
 
fewer  
questions
 
and
 
less
 
risk
 
of  
inquiry 
and exposure as  
to the 
general condition  of 
the
 
property...”
- Ford Internal
 
Memo
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2019. 
Drawing 
by 
Diana 
Randjelovic.  
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.

Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2nd 
Edition
, 
2021. 
Narrative by Vivian 
Milligan.  
Drawings 
by 
Jessica 
MacPhee, 
Lydia Zoe 
& Diana
 
Randjelovic.
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.
vivian  
M
i
lligan

Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2nd 
Edition
, 
2021. 
Narrative by Vivian 
Milligan.  
Drawings 
by 
Lydia Zoe 
& Diana
 
Randjelovic.
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.
We 
did 
not 
have 
telephones, 
we 
did 
not 
have 
TV, 
we
 
depended
on kerosene 
lamps for light, 
and 
we 
didn’t have 
a 
gas 
stove.
 
We
had one 
stove 
that 
was 
a 
wood stove 
that 
provided heat
 
and
that
 
was
 
where
 
you
 
did
 
your
 
cooking.
 
See,
 
because
 
where
 
we
we 
can sit 
and 
tell 
you 
everybody who 
lives 
in this 
house,
 
every
single 
house. 
Who 
you 
can 
trust, 
who 
not 
to 
trust, 
this 
and
 
that
and 
whatever. 
I feel that 
we 
are 
a very unique group 
of
 
people.
I
 
would
 
not
 
trade
 
my
 
childhood
 
for
 
nothing,
 
in
 
life.
I 
grew
 
up in a 
brown 
shingled 
house, we 
had no
running
 
water,
 
we
 
would
 
have
 
to
 
go
 
down
 
into
 
the
woods 
and 
to the springs to 
carry 
buckets 
and
 
jugs
of
 
water.
 
We
 
did
 
not
 
have
 
electricity.
 
We
 
had
 
to
 
use
the
 
outhouse
 
which
 
was
 
so
 
far
 
away
 
from
 
the
 
house.
My 
dad died in 1989…Thank 
god
 
he liked
to 
take pictures because 
if 
you watch
 
Mann
v. 
Ford 
the 
original 
footage is from 
my
 
dad’s
8mm from when they 
were bringing
 
those
trucks
 
in
 
there
 
with
 
that
 
stuff.
 
That’s
 
my
 
dad’s
originals
 
that
 
I
 
let
 
them
 
use
 
for
 
Mann
 
v.
 
Ford.
“
“
i
s
e
v
li	li
k
e
 
a
 
circle
 
an
d
 
w
e
’
r
e
 
al
l
 
famil
y
,
 
a
nd
 
the
 
g
oo
d
 
things
 
i
s
,
“
”
”
”

Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2019. 
Drawing 
by 
Barbra 
Walker. 
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.
“I 
used to be able to live 
off 
the land,  now I’m forced to live 
off grocery
 
stores”
-Vivian Milligan, Ramapough
 
Elder

Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2019. 
Drawing 
by Edwin 
Gano. 
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.

PLANT
Nephelium
 
semiglauca
Black
 
Ash
Arctium
 
minus
Burdock
 
Leaf
Amygdalus
 
persica
Peach 
Tree
 
Leaves
Ferula
 
asafoetida
Asafetida
Verbascum
 
thapsus
Mullein
 
Leaf
Castanea
 
dentata
Chestnut
 
Leaves
Balsamodendron 
 
gileadense
Balm of
 
Gilead
Ulmus
 
fulva
Slippery
 
Elm
AILMENT
Sore
 
Eyes
Fever
Fever
Fever
Piles
Poison
 
Ivy
Infection
Sore
 
Throat
PREPARATION
Cut
 
limb
 
off
 
tree;
 
put
 
end
 
in
 
fire
 
to
 
get  
juice 
out, put 
a 
drop or 
two 
into
 
eye
Juice 
from 
leaf with 
a 
drop 
of sugar  
taken 
internally; also 
apply 
leaf 
itself  
to the 
joints 
of the
 
body
Apply to
 
ankles
Put 
in 
sack and 
hang 
around
 
neck
Use 
leaf instead 
of 
toilet
 
paper
Rub 
leaf 
to get out the 
juice
 
and  apply to
 
irritation
Make a 
salve 
from
 
buds
Put bark around
 
neck
Medicinal
 
Plants
Ceremonial
 
Elements
PLANT
Sassafras
 
albidum
Sassafras
Hamamelis
 
virginiana
Common 
Witch
 
hazel
Pinus
 
rigida
Pitch
 
Pine
Impatiens 
biflora  
Silver
 
Leaf
Heuchera
 
americana  
Alum
 
root
Acorus
 
Calamus 
 
Calamus
 
Root
Symplocarpus foetidus  
Skunk’s 
Cabbage
 
Root
AILMENT
Sore
 
Eyes
Sore
 
Joints
Back Pain  from
 
Kidneys
Posion
 
Ivy
Sprue
 
(Babies)
Stomach
 
Pain
Sore
 
Throat
PREPARATION
Break sassafras 
and 
split it 
open; 
scrape the  
inside juice in 
palm of 
your 
hand; 
add a 
drop  of
 
water
 
and
 
stir
 
with
 
match
 
stick;
 
apply
 
to
 
eye
Apply as
 
liniment
Roll pine balls into 
pill 
and take
 
internally
Rub 
leaf 
on hand 
to get out
 
juice
Scrape 
down 
the turnip and apply 
with
 
alum
Chew 
on
 
root
Stew the root and gargle 
with
 
juice
Drawing by 
Andrea
 
Alorro
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories,
 
2019.
Drawing 
by Andrea 
Alorro.  
Department of 
Landscape  
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.

3
0
0.5
1
2
M
ILES
N
W
a  n
a
q
u
e
R
e
s
e
r
v
o
i
r
M
o
n
k
s
v
i
l
l
e
R
e
s
e
r
v
o
i
r
HOPE 
MOUNTAIN
 
MINES
PETER
 
MINE
CANNON
 
MINE
N e w 
Y 
o 
r
 
k
S t 
a 
t 
e 
L i n
 
e
D
UMPING 
S
ITE  
M
INE
P
UBLIC 
W
ATER 
W
ELL  
P
ROPERTY
 
B
OUNDARY
W
ATER
 
B
ODIES
A
REA 
U
SING 
P
RIVATE 
W
ELL  
A
REA 
ON 
P
UBLIC 
W
ATER
 
S
YSTEM
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2nd 
Edition
, 
2021. 
Drawing 
by 
Jenna Schneck.  Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.
Images 
from Vivian 
Milligan’s 
home 
movies taken 
in 
Ringwood. 
Top 
Left: 
A  
photograph taken 
in 
Ringwood 
off 
of the 
Hasenclever Iron 
Trail 
in 
February
 
2018.

Well 
Monitoring  Locations
 
Mine 
Pit 
Air
 
Shaft
 
Geologic
 
Legend
 
Ore
 
Shoot
 
Unmined
 
Shoot
 
 	
Mine
 
Levels
 
Incline
 
Shaft
 
Mine 
Elevation
 
Key
 
Contaminated
 
Groundwater
 
Deep
 
Bedrock
 
1,800’
 
D
EPTH
 
 	
H
OPE 
M
OUNTAIN
 
D
RIFT
 
H
O
P
E
M
 
 
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S
h
a
l
l
o
w
B
e
d
r
o
c
k
U
P P E
 
R
R
I
 
N
G 
W 
O O
 
D
C
O 
M M 
U 
N
 
I T 
Y
2
 
,
 
4
 
0
 
0
 
’
 
I
N
 
C
 
L
 
I
 
N
 
E
A
L
 
O
 
N
 
G
P
E
 
T
 
E
 
R
’
S
M
I
 
N
 
E
S
H
 
A
 
F
 
T
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2nd 
Edition
, 
2021. 
Drawing 
by 
Jenna Schneck.  Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.

The 
Munsee 
Three Sisters 
Medicincal 
Farm, 
Sussex 
County, 
New
 
Jersey.
Photographs 
by 
Michaeline 
Newton Conklin 
Picaro, 
Ramapough 
Lunaape 
Turle
 
Clan.

Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2nd 
Edition
, 
2021. 
Drawing 
by 
Jenna Schneck , 
Brigitte Schackerman 
& Diana 
Randjelovic  
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.
NO
T 
 
EVE
N
 
 
M
ILLION
S 
 
UNLIMITE
D
 
 
an
d
 
 
x
x/10
0
D
A
T
E
P
A
Y
T
O
T
H
E
ORD
E
R
O
F
$ 
 
$$
$
 
$$
$
 
$$
$
#IdleNo  
More
#NODAPL
S
 
TO
 
P
 
R
 
CM
 
P
 
I 
N
 
V
 
A
 
SI 
ON
 
O
 
N 
 
I 
N
 
DI
 
G
 
E
 
NO
 
US
 
LAN
 
D
 
S
Dakota  
Access  
Pipeline
Coastal  GasLink  
Pipeline
Bill
 
C-45
Gateway  
Pacific  
Terminal
416 mile pipeline  running 
from
 
north
British 
Columbia 
to
 
nat-  ural gas facility runs  
through territory 
of  the
 
Wet’suwet’en
First
 
Nation.
A 
1200mile  crude oil pipeline  system threatened  Standing 
Rock
 
Sioux
sacred
 
grounds  
and
 
water
supply
.
The 
bill 
has
 
an
ammendment 
that  authorizes
 
Canadian  government to 
seize  
First 
Nation 
territory  
at any
 
time.
SSA Marine  designs
 
terminal
to 
export coal;
 
located  
on 
Lummi’s ancesteral  territory,
 
Xwe’chieXen.
Violation 
of
 
Point  Elliot
 
Treaty.
Community  members 
gather  with 
Lummi
 
leaders  for non-violent  action in
 
2012
National 
day of  
action in 12/10/2012.  Thousands
 
protested,  fasted, blocked  roads 
& 
round  danced.
#NoDAPL 
social  
media movement.  Oceti Sakowin
 
camp  
for cultural preser-  
vation 
& 
spiritual  resistance
 
to
DAPL.
Mohowaks 
of  
Tyendinga
 
blocade
the Canadian
 
National  railways; causes  temporary
closures
Army 
Corps of  
Engineers issued 
a  
permit denial to
 
the  
applicant, 
SSA  Marine.
Bill 
C-45 passed.  Organizing did not  
stop. Activists
 
continue  to 
call for 
meaningful  
consultation 
with 
First  
Nations
 
people
and
 
gov’t.
Obama 
admin  
orders 
ACOE 
to
 
not
grant 
an 
easement
 
for  
DAPL to 
cross
 
Missouri.
Trump 
admin
 
ordered  the 
reverse:  construction.
Sanctions
 
from  
the federal  
government
MODERN
 
INDIGENOUS
 
ACTIVISM
 
MOVEMENTS
 
T 
R 
I 
G G 
E
 
R
M O V E M E N
 
T
T A C T 
I
 
C
R E S U L
 
T

Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2nd 
Edition
, 
2021. 
Drawing 
by 
Diana 
Randjelovic  
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.
D
 
E
 
R
 
E
 
G
 
U
 
L
 
A
 
T
 
E
 
D
ENVIRONM
ENTAL
 
POLICIES
FREE
 
PASS
2019 
- 
Rejected 
a 
proposed 
ban on  chlorpyrifos
, 
a 
pesticide linked 
to  
developmental 
disabilities in
 
children.
2017 
- 
Canceled 
a 
requirement 
for  
oil and 
gas 
companies to 
report  
methane
 
emissions.
2017 
- 
Revoked 
Obama-era 
flood  standards for 
federal 
infrastructure  projects 
that 
required 
the 
government  
to 
account 
for sea 
level 
rise and other  
climate 
change 
effects.
2018 
- 
Rescinded 
water 
pollution  regulations 
for 
fracking 
on  
federal 
and Indian
 
lands.
2019 
- 
Ended an Occupational 
Safety  
and Health Administration 
program to  
reduce risks of 
workers developing  
the 
lung disease 
silicosis.
2017 
- Scrapped 
proposed 
rule 
that  
required 
mines to 
prove 
they could  pay to clean up 
future
 
pollution.
2019 
- Scaled 
back 
pollution  
protections for tributaries  and 
wetlands 
regulated 
under  the 
Clean 
Water
 Act.
2017 
- 
Revoked 
rule 
preventing 
coal  companies from 
dumping
 
mining  
debris 
into local
 
streams.
2018 
- 
Withdrew proposed 
rule  
requiring 
groundwater
 
protections  for 
certain 
uranium
 
mines.
2018 
- 
Narrowed 
the scope 
of 
a 2016  
law 
mandating 
safety assessments  for 
potentially toxic 
chemicals 
like  
dry-cleaning
 
solvents.
2019 
- Changed the 
way 
the  
Endangered 
Species 
Act 
is  
applied, 
making it more 
difficult  
to 
protect 
wildlife from
 
long-term  
threats 
posed 
by 
climate
 change.
2018 
- 
Amended 
fishing  
regulations 
to loosen  
restrictions on 
the harvest  
of 
a 
number of
 
species.
2020 
- 
Withdrew 
the legal  
justification 
for 
an Obama-era 
rule  
that limited 
mercury 
emissions  
from 
coal 
power
 
plants.
2018 
- 
Revoked 
an Obama 
executive  
order 
that set a goal 
of 
cutting the  
federal government’s 
greenhouse  
gas emissions 
by 
40 
percent 
over  
10
 
years.
2017 
- 
Revoked 
directive 
for federal  agencies to minimize 
impacts 
on  
water, 
wildlife, land 
and 
natural  
resources 
when 
approving  development 
projects.
2017 
- 
Approved 
construction 
of 
the  
Dakota Access pipeline 
less than  a mile from the Standing 
Rock 
Sioux  
Reservation
ANIMALS
AIR
 
POLLUTION
W
A
TER
INFRASTRUCTURE
TOXIC 
SUBSTANCES 
&
 
SAFETY
ENVIRONMEN
 
TAL
 
DEREGUL
 
ATIONS
 
DRILLING

Storytelling
 
Circles
92
What 
environmental  connections or 
losses 
have  you experienced on Your  
Land? Write 
Your Story 
in the  storytelling 
circles 
in the
 
forest.
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories, 
2019. 
Drawing 
by 
Diana 
Randjelovic  
Department of 
Landscape 
Architecture, 
Rutgers
 
University.

References 
/ 
Further
 
Reading
Bakshi, 
Anita, 
ed., 
2019.
 
Our 
Land, 
Our 
Stories: 
Excavating 
Subterranean Histories 
of 
Ringwood 
Mines and the 
Ramapough 
Lunaape 
Nation
, 
North 
Brunswick, NJ:  
NJ 
Council 
for the
 
Humanities.
Harris, 
Stuart 
G., and 
Barbara 
L. 
Harper, 
1997. A 
Native 
American Exposure 
Scenario. 
Risk 
Analysis 
17(6), 
pp.
 
782-95.
Hoover, 
Elizabeth, 
2017. 
The 
River 
is in 
Us: Fighting 
Toxics 
in a 
Mohawk Community
. 
Minneapolis & 
London: 
University 
of Minnesota 
Press.  King, 
Thomas 
S., 2012. 
The 
Inconvenient 
Indian: A 
Curious 
Account 
of 
Native 
People 
in 
North 
America. 
Canada: Anchor
 
Canada.
Maantay, 
Juliana. (2002). Industrial 
Zoning 
Changes 
in 
New 
York 
City: A 
Case 
Study 
of 
“Expulsive” 
Zoning. 
Projections: 
the Planning 
Journal
 
of  
Massachusetts Institute 
of 
Technology 
(MIT)
.
 
63-108.
Rothstein, 
Richard, 
2017. 
The Color 
of 
Law: 
A 
Forgotten 
History of 
how 
our 
Government Segregated 
America
. New 
York 
& 
London: Liveright 
Publishing  
Corporation.
Sze, 
Julie, 
2006. 
Noxious 
New 
York: 
The 
Racial 
Politics 
of 
Urban Health 
and 
Environmental 
Justice
. Cambridge, 
MA 
& 
London: 
MIT 
Press.  
Treuer, 
David, 
2019. 
The 
Heartbeat 
of 
Wounded 
Knee: 
Native America 
from 
1890 
to 
the 
Present
. 
New 
York: 
Riverhead
 
Books.
Voyles, 
Traci 
Byrnne, 
2015. 
Wastelanding: 
Legacies 
of 
Uranium 
Mining in 
Navajo 
Country
. 
Minneapolis: 
University 
of Minneapolis
 
Press.
Whyte, Kyle Powys, 
2015. Indigenous 
Food 
Systems, Environmental 
Justice 
and Settler-Industrial 
States. 
In M.K.Rawlinson and 
C.Ward, 
eds., 
2015. 
Global  
Food, 
Global 
Justice: Essays 
on 
Eating 
under 
Globalization. 
Newcastle 
upon 
Tyne: 
Cambridge Scholars,
 2015.

Lecture 1. Environmental Justice: Histories of Contamination and Stories of Resistance

Tara A. Dudley

American architectural history often ignores or glosses over Black architects and their contributions. Yet, prior to the advent of formal architectural education, which in its infancy offered little opportunity for Blacks to participate, large numbers of Black men prospered in the building trades. Louisiana’s gens de couleur libres or free people of color offer a previously  unexplored but essential case study. These men and women contributed to the built world of Louisiana from its beginnings under the French, through its occupation by the Spanish, and beyond its annexation by the United States. The need for architecture in the Louisiana colony to support the building boom in the growing trade port provided a canvas for free Black artisans, developers, and patrons who were born in the territory as well as those seeking refuge in Louisiana in the wake of political turmoil and revolution. 

This lecture reviews the gens de couleur libres’ transmission of Creole forms into New Orleans’ urban environment. It explores how they shaped the city’s built environment, as well as on social meaning within the context of antebellum architectural history.

Lecture 2. Handout

Lecture 2. Notes

Lecture 2. Quiz with Answers

Lecture 2. Free People of Color and the Architecture of New Orleans

Kathleen James-Chakraborty

Professor

Named for the editor of the Pittsburgh Courier, one of mid-century America’s leading African American newspapers, the Robert L. Vann Tower of the Belgian Friendship Building rises substantially higher than any of the Confederate statues on Richmond, Virginia’s nearly Monument Avenue ever did.   Although prominent on the city’s skyline, the Belgian Friendship Building has been overlooked in histories of the importation of European modern architecture into the United States, and in particular, onto American campuses, in part because the architecture of historically Black colleges and universities has been too often overlooked, but also because of the problematic relationship of the building, which originally served as Belgium’s pavilion at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York, to Belgian colonialism in the Congo.

Lecture 3. Notes

Lecture 3. Handout

Lecture 3. Quiz with Answers

A Towering Memorial:
The Robert L. Vann Tower and the Belgian Friendship Building
Bryan Clark Green
Kathleen James-Chakraborty
Global Architectural History Teaching Collaborative
Anti-Racism and Global Architectural History

The Belgian Pavilion, Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Undated photograph, probably 1960s.
Virginia Union University Archives

The Belgian Pavilion and the New York World’s Fair
Transformation: the Belgian Friendship Building
Virginia Union University, Richmond and campus architecture
From Robert L. Vann until today: Civil Rights, Conservation, and Commemoration
A Towering Memorial:
The Robert L. Vann Tower and the Belgian Friendship Building
Themes

The Belgian Pavilion
New York World's  Fair, 1939
Photograph taken during fair.

© 
R.Möhler
, courtesy of Wikipedia commons under license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en
Grand Ducal School of Arts and Crafts
 Henry van de 
Velde
 , architect
Weimar,
 Germany,
1908

L’oeuvre 
Architecturale
 de Henry van de 
Velde
The Belgian Pavilion, Model
Henry van de 
Velde
, Léon 
Stynen
 and Victor Bourgeois, architects 
Model for the World’s Fair, New York, probably 1938

EmDee courtesy of Wikipedia Commons under license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en
Van 
Eetvelde
 House
 
Brussels, Belgium, 1900
Victor 
Horta
, 
architet

Michiel
 
Hendryckx
 courtesy of Wikipedia commons under license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en
Book Tower (University Library)
Henry van de 
Velde
 , architect
Ghent, Belgium, 1936-42

The New York World’s Fair 1939/1940
Trylon
 and 
Perisphere
 Wallace Harrison and J. Andre 
Fouilaux
, architects
New York World’s Fair, 1939
New York, NY
Photograph taken during fair.
The Belgian Pavilion
Wallace Harrison and J. Andre 
Fouilaux
, architects
New York World's  Fair, 1939
New York, NY
Photograph taken during fair.

General Motors Complex
Albert Kahn, architect, Norman Bel Geddes, designer
World’s Fair
New York
1939
The New York World’s Fair 1939/1940
General Motors Complex – Futurama Exhibition
Norman Bel Geddes, designer
World’s Fair
New York
1939

Irish Pavilion
Michael Scott, architect
World’s Fair 
New York
1939
EmDee courtesy of Wikipedia Commons under license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Postcard 
The Belgian 
Pavilion
Undated postcard, probably 1939
World’s Fair
New York
1939

The Belgian Pavilion
Henry van de 
Velde
, Léon 
Stynen
 and Victor Bourgeois, architects 
World's  Fair, New York, 1939
Atrium
L’oeuvre 
Architecturale
 de Henry van de 
Velde
The Belgian Pavilion
Henry van de 
Velde
, Léon 
Stynen
 and Victor Bourgeois, architects 
World's  Fair, New York, 1939
Gallery

Ruandese
 workers at the 
Kisanga
 copper mine
 
Katanga, Belgian Congo
Photograph 1928
Katanga, pays du 
cuivre
"Gold Mines at Kilo-Moto No.33".
The Belgian Congo
Postcard, 1931

A Teacher in 
Mileston
, Mississippi, explains the 
Trylon
 and 
Perisphere
 to her Students in 1939
Marion Post Wolcott, photographer
1939
Smithsonian American Art Museum (left)
Photographs and Prints Division, 
Schomburg
 Center for Research in Black Culture New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations (right)
Impressions of the New York World’s Fair
Stuart Davis, artist 
Commissioned for Harper’s Bazar
February 1939

The Belgian Pavilion
Henry van de 
Velde
, Léon 
Stynen
 and Victor Bourgeois, architects 
Undated photograph, probably 1939
Photograph depicts Belgian Building at New York World’s Fair
L’oeuvre 
Architecturale
 de Henry van de 
Velde

King Leopold III
Photograph by Willem van de Poll 
1934, shortly after accession to throne
Photograph by Willem van de Poll, National Archives of Belgium, courtesy of Wikipedia commons under license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en

Photographs by Bryan Clark Green
The Belgian Friendship Building
Henry van de 
Velde
, Léon 
Stynen
 and Victor Bourgeois, architects 
Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Panoramic photograph, 21April 1909.

George S. Schuyler
portrait by Carl van Vechten
1941
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, 
Carl Van 
Vechten
 Collection, LC-USZ62-95999

The Belgian Pavilion
Henry van de 
Velde
, Léon 
Stynen
 and Victor Bourgeois, architects 
Richmond, Virginia
Photograph of model built for reconstruction, 1941.
Virginia Union University Archives

The Belgian Building, Under Reconstruction
Henry van de 
Velde
, Léon 
Stynen
 and Victor Bourgeois, architects 
Richmond, Virginia
Photograph 1941, taken during reconstruction.
Virginia Union University Archives

The Belgian Building, Fund
Richmond, Virginia
Ca. 1941 fundraising brochure describing reconstruction.
Virginia Union University Archives
The Belgian Building, Cornerstone Laying
Richmond, Virginia
Laying the cornerstone at Virginia Union University, 9 June 1941.  

L’oeuvre 
Architecturale
 de Henry van de 
Velde
The Belgian Pavilion
Henry van de 
Velde
, Léon 
Stynen
 and Victor Bourgeois, architects 
New York, NY
Plan, of completed building 1939, for New York World’s Fair 
The Belgian Pavilion
Henry van de 
Velde
, Léon 
Stynen
 and Victor Bourgeois, architects 
Richmond, Virginia
Sketch plan, 1941, for reconstruction

Hoover Tower, Stanford University
Arthur Brown, architect 
Stanford, CA
1941
King of Hearts / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0

Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Aerial view of campus, 1964.
Virginia Union University Archives

“Belgian Congo”
Arthur 
Dupagne
, sculptor
Belgian Pavilion (tower, base), Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Photographs by Bryan Clark Green

“Belgium at Work,” 
Belgian Pavilion (library), Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Oscar 
Jespars
 and Henry 
Purvez
, sculptors 
Photographs by Bryan Clark Green

Belgian Congo #2, detail
Arthur 
Dupagne
, sculptor
Belgian Pavilion (tower, northeast base), Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Photographs by Bryan Clark Green 
Belgian Congo #1, detail
Arthur 
Dupagne
, sculptor 
Belgian Pavilion (tower, south base), Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia

Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Panoramic photograph, 21April 1909.
Photograph Bryan Clark Green (top)
Library of Congress, PAN US GEOG - 
Virginia
 no. 38 (bottom)

“Lumpkin’s Jail”
Formerly near 15
th
 and Franklin streets, Richmond, Virginia
A former slave trading establishment, it housed a school for the formerly enslaved after the Civil War
Charles H. Corey,  Historical Sketch of the Richmond Institute,1876  (left)
Virginia Historical Society (right)
“Slave Auction, Virginia”
Lefevre
 Cranston, artist
1861
[Richmond, VA]

Site of “Lumpkin’s Jail”
Formerly near 15
th
 and Franklin streets
Richmond, Virginia
A former slave trading establishment, it housed a school for the formerly enslaved after the Civil War
James River Institute for Archaeology 

Location of Second African American Cemetery
Richmond, VA
Photograph of the site of the African American cemetery, later a potters’ field, to the north and east of Hebrew Cemetery, 26 October 2017.
VCU Special Collections  (left)
Bryan Clark Green (right) 
Location of first African American Cemetery
Richmond, VA
Richmond, VA
Photograph 1957, during Construction of Interstate 95

Location of First and Second African American Burial Grounds
Richmond, 
Va
Drawn on Google Earth map, accessed 14 April 2014

Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Aerial view of campus, dated 1942, but actually before 1941.
Virginia Union University Archives

Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Panoramic photograph, 21April 1909.
Library of Congress, PAN US GEOG - 
Virginia
 no. 38

Campus View, Tuskegee Institute
Tuskegee, Alabama, 1916
Robert Taylor, Architect
Panoramic photograph, 1916.
 Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ-62-137654

Robert E. Lee Monument
Jean-Antoine 
Mercié
, sculptor
Lee Circle, Monument Avenue
Richmond, VA
3  June 2020 
Photographs by Bryan Clark Green
Robert E. Lee Monument
Jean-Antoine 
Mercié
, 
sculptpr
 
Lee Circle, Monument Avenue
Richmond, VA
22 July 2020 

The University of Virginia
Thomas Jefferson, architect
Charlottesville, VA
Founded 1819
Photograph Bryan Clark Green

Azurest
 South
Amaza
 Lee Meredith, architect
Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA
1939
AJ 
Belongia
 courtesy of Wikipedia commons under license at https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Joseph Sullivan courtesy of Wikipedia commons under license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en  (left)
Bryan Clark Green (right)
The St. Luke Building
John White (1902) and Charles T. Russell (1915-20)  architects
Richmond,, VA
1902; expanded 1915-20
Whittaker Memorial Hospital
Charles T. Russell  architect
Newport 
Newse
, VA
1943

Paulmcdonald courtesy of Wikipedia commons under license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en
Cravath
 Hall, Fiske University
Henry Hibbs, architect
Nashville, TN
1930

The Belgian Pavilion, Virginia Union University
Henry van de 
Velde
, Léon 
Stynen
 and Victor Bourgeois, architects 
Richmond, Virginia
Photograph, 15 April 2018
Photograph by Bryan Clark Green

Joe Ravi courtesy of Wikipedia commons under license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Perlman Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology
Ludwig 
Mies
 van der 
Rohe
, architect
Chicago, IL
1945

John 
Phelen
 courtesy of Wikipedia commons under license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Story Hall, Harvard Graduate Center
The Architects’ Collaborative, architect
Cambridge, MA
1950

spirosdracopoulos
 courtesy of Wikipedia commons under license at https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en
Bauhaus
Walter Gropius, architect
Dessau, Germany
1926

The Belgian Pavilion, Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Photograph, 15 April 2018
Photograph by Bryan Clark Green 

National Archives, College Park, NAID: 535681
 Robert L. Vann
sketch by Charles Henry Austin 
for the Office of Emergency Management
No date

Graduation at the Belgian Pavilion
Virgin Union University, Richmond, VA
1968
Richmond Times Dispatch

Richmond Times Dispatch
Graduation at the Belgian Pavilion
Virgin Union University, Richmond, VA
1968

Thalhimer’s
 and Woolworth’s  Sit-ins 
West Broad Street, Richmond, VA
22 February 1960
The “Richmond 34,” Virginia Union University Students arrested
Photograph Valentine Richmond History Center
Thalhimer’s
 and Woolworth’s  Sit-ins 
West Broad Street, Richmond, VA
22 February 1960
The “Richmond 34,” Virginia Union University Students arrested

The Belgian Pavilion, Tower
Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Photograph, 27 September 2006
The Belgian Pavilion, Tower
New York, NY
 World’s Fair, 1939
Virginia Union University Archives (left)
Photograph by Bryan Clark Green (right) 

The Belgian Pavilion, former library (first floor)
Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Photograph, 27 September 2006.
The Belgian Pavilion 
Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Photograph, 27 September 2006.
Photographs by Bryan Clark Green 

The Belgian Pavilion, Tower Structural Repairs
Richmond, Virginia
Photograph, 24 May 2012
The Belgian Pavilion, Terra Cotta Tile Failure
Richmond, Virginia
Photograph, 21 February 2010
Photographs by Bryan Clark Green 

“Belgium at Work,” Oscar 
Jespars
 and Henry 
Purvez
 
Belgian Pavilion (library), Virginia Union University
Richmond, Virginia
Photographs by Bryan Clark Green 

Marcus-David Peters Circle (Lee Circle)
Monument Avenue
Richmond, VA
12 July 2020 
Photo: Bryan Clark Green
Photographs by Bryan Clark Green 

Removal of the Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson Monument
Monument Avenue and Arthur Ashe Boulevard
Richmond, VA
1 July 2020 
Photographs by Bryan Clark Green 

Lecture 3.  A Towering Memorial: The Robert L. Vann Tower and the Belgian Friendship Building

Peter Makachia

Senior Lecturer

Nairobi, Kenya was the location of urban housing for Africans that demonstrated the racist segregationist colonial strategies meant to ingrain inferiority of the native populations. The lecture espouses the spatial strategies manifested in the architecture and strategies of urban housing estates that defined the architecture of Eastlands, a city-reserve for the race, in the era of British suzerain rule of early to mid-20th Century. Framed in Foucauldian theorem of panoptical control and behavioral canalization of the populace, the strategies manifest in selected case estates, illustrate segregationist perceptions of marginalization through spatial instruments like house typologies, district zoning, site layouts, and utilities’ design and provision. The lecture, based on theoretical positions, is reliant on archival spatial data as well as case-study material sourced directly from the field and through studio-based programmes with architecture students. The site of Eastlands was the ‘African Location’ of the racially-segregated colonial Nairobi and became the laboratory of various quasi-experiments on African residential spatiality. Three case-study schemes represent key housing delivery strategies of: (a) employer-built (Muthurwa) (b) self-building (Majengo) and (c) public rental (Bahati) estates as realized during British colonialism. The initial reluctance to accommodate the race in the city was thus succeeded by these strategies albeit heavily-laden with racism and segregation. The reality today of dire and unseemly environments is self-evidencing not atypical of un-convivial neighbourhoods of the African city of the post-colony.  The contemporary African city remains unrepentantly informed by the racist segregationist architecture of its origination, albeit now substituted by an economic parlance of poverty. What is discerned is that to create a more equitable urbanity one shall invoke more social engagement and participation of the dwellers in the housing process. Sadly, this opportunity was never appropriated by the postcolony, and this constitutes the core virus that afflicts African urbanity and residential space.

Lecture 4. Handout

Lecture 4. Quiz with Answers

Lecture 4. Notes

Lecture: Segregationist Architecture of African Urban Housing in Colonial Kenya
GAHTC
 
©
2020
Anti-Racism and Global Architectural History
Pater A. Makachia 

Contents:
Part One: the Introduction
Part Two: the Precolony
Part Three: the Context
Part Four: the Cases
Employee Housing at Muthurwa
Self-Built Housing at Majengo
Public Rental housing at Bahati
Part Five : the Postcolony
Part Seven: Conclusions
GAHTC
 
©
2020
Anti-Racism and Global Architectural History
Pater A. Makachia 

The Pre-Colony – African space 
Part One - INTRODUCTION
- the pre-colony
GAHTC
 
©
2020. 
MAASAI ARCHITECTURE
KIKUYU ARCHITECTURE

The Pre-Colony – African space 
Part One - INTRODUCTION
the pre-colony
GAHTC
 
©
2020. 
Floor plan of traditional Kikuyu hut 
Section of traditional Kikuyu hut 
Perspective sketch of a of traditional Kikuyu homestead 

Part One - INTRODUCTION
the pre-colony
GAHTC
 
©
2020. 
Maasai Architecture of the pre-colony and contemporary rural homesteads

Majengo – the site
GAHTC
 2020
Part  Two - 
the cases
The study area

Majengo the site
GAHTC
 
2020
Study area
Part  Two - 
the cases
44

Part  Two - 
the cases
The NUC  in Nairobi
After WW2, some efforts to provide suitable  housing for Africans could noted. These were based on the Neighbourhood Unit Concept (NUC). The TW Model was part of the 1948 Master Plan for the city.
The NUC, aimed to create self-contained housing, then topical in Western urban practice and  theory. 
These estates however became theatres for segregation of Africans through ethnic separation and cleansing aimed at the suppression of  the Africans seeking political freedom especially Africans were fighting for independence.  
The example used here is 
Bahati Estate 
where suspect groups (of mainly Kikuyu) were isolated
GAHTC
 
©
2020

Part  Three – 
Summary & postcolony 
GAHTC
 
©
2020
KEY LESSONS OF COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
Mater plans created anonymous layouts where individuality was curtailed
The units were basic and used bed-spaces as accommodation and neither houses nor homes for Africans,
Un-differentiated aesthetic of mass housing seemed characteristic of the unit designs that was reflected in the uniform imagery in designed schemes,
The use of urban spaces, like recreational grounds, for containment and surveillance was further evidence the insensitive architecture. 
GAHTC
 
©
2020

GAHTC
 
©
2020
The postcolony never learned nor adopted the lessons of the failures of colonial housing at various levels:
Lack of consultation never became a standard and early strategies assumed the same tyrannical colonial attitudes, albeit couched as Modernization of African housing. 
At unit level, the family was considered but this was curtailed by cost-minimization leading to nominal dwellings and an aesthetic akin to the colonial options. 
The effect of modernist housing has been to displace the poor leaving them destitute and settling in informal Settlements (like Kibera) with equally scant spaces and derelict environments
Technologically, most urban governments have retained colonial building by-laws and have to engage in appropriate standards fro housing leading to financially unsuitable models, like, incremental housing for the urban poor. This has only exacerbated the housing conditions. 
GAHTC
 
©
2020
Part  Three – 
Summary & postcolony 

Lecture 4. Segregationist Architecture of African Urban Housing in Colonial Kenya

Andrea Roberts

This lecture examines issues of power and place through the prism of race in urban and rural cultural landscapes, primarily between 1880-1930. From the Reconstruction Era through the beginning of the Depression, the United States saw unprecedented demographic shifts which caused new questions about race, place, and identity to emerge in planning. Students of this period in architecture and planning might ask if a gendered, racial, or class-based approach to planning originated during this time. What are the major civil unrests, wars, social inequalities that shape the conditions of cities, necessitating these “resistant” and identity oriented approaches to planning and shaping cultural landscapes? What is planning’s role in addressing or exacerbating these conditions in the built environment? This lecture explicitly highlights the ways that zoning, world’s fairs, and racial violence reinforced the centrality of race and social control in planning from the field’s inception. Of particular concern in this lecture, is how anti-blackness shaped African American settlement patterns and approaches to placemaking in rural and urban contexts. The approaches and sites discussed include the development of intentional free Black communities in Texas in rural and urban areas as well as the rise of zoning and social control measures to restrict black community building and placemaking. By highlighting the historical roots of anti-blackness in planning, students will understand the development of the dynamic tension between planning and democracy, the various responses that have been proposed, and planning failures and successes faced today.

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Lectures (8)

The Overview